THE DAISY FAMILY 
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Wood Burdock. (Arctium nemorosum, Lej.)— A species similar to but smaller than 
the last, with smaller, nearly stalkless (sub-sessile) flower-heads, very cobwebby ; flower-bracts 
equal in length to the florets ; and leaves scalloped (crenate), with hollow stalks. 
Local. Waste places. July— August. Biennial. 
Lesser Burdock. (Arctium minus, Bernh.)— Another species similar to and smaller 
than the Great Burdock (Arctium majus), the flower-heads more in spikes, not more than f inch 
across, shortly stalked, round ; the flower-bracts shorter than the florets, slightly cobwebby ; and 
the root (radical) leaves coarsely toothed (dentate) and with hollow stalks. 
Very common. Waste places. July — August. Biennial. 
Intermediate Burdock. (Arctium intermedium, Lange. )— Another similar species, 
2-4 feet high, with flower-heads f-i inch across, very cobwebby, slightly stalked ; florets longer 
than the flower-bracts ; the stems 2-4 feet high, and the root (radical) leaves scalloped, with slightly 
hollowed stalks. [Plate 71. 
Not uncommon, very local. Waste places, waysides. July — August. Biennial. 
THISTLE. (CARDUUS, LINN .) — Flower-heads usually large, roundish or oval. Florets all 
tubular, equal, generally perfect, purple, crimson, or white. Flower-bracts numerous, entire, 
spinous at the tip. Calyx-tube surmounted with a border and simple hairs ; petals 5, all united 
into a tube and separating into 5 short teeth (tubular) ; stamens 5, with united anthers, rarely o ; 
carpels 2, rarely o. Fruit an achene crowned with the calyx-border and the simple calyx-hairs 
(pappus), which are shining and white. Herbs with leaves with spinous margins, continued down 
the stem (winged or decurrent). 
Slender-flowered Thistle. (Carduus pycnocephalus, Linn.)— As just described. 
The flower-heads small and narrow, f inch long and \ inch broad, in a dense cluster at the top of 
the stem ; the florets all pale purplish-pink ; the flower-bracts lance-shaped, very long, shortly 
spinous-pointed, the inner ones as long as the florets ; the stem erect, 6 inches to 4 feet high, 
branched, winged throughout, that is with each leaf continued down the stem until it joins the leaf 
below, the leaves having spinous margins and being cottony beneath. 
Uncommon. Waste, sandy places, especially near the sea. June — August. Biennial or Annual. 
Musk Thistle. (Carduus nutans, Linn.) — Flower-heads large, i-i§ inches across, 
solitary, drooping; florets crimson with purple anthers; flower-bracts lance-shaped, spinous, 
pointed, the outer ones turned back (reflexed). [As just described in the genus Carduus.] Stem 
1-2 feet high, furrowed, with the leaves continued down the stem except near the flower-heads 
(interruptedly winged) ; the leaves being deeply lobed, spinous, wavy, hairy, somewhat shining. 
The flowers have a strong scent of musk. 
Common in waste places, especially on chalk. May — October. Biennial. 
Welted Thistle. (Carduus erispus, Linn.) — Flower-heads small, roundish, stalkless 
(sessile), clustered together at the extremities of the stem and branches, rarely solitary ; florets 
purple, sometimes white; flower-bracts strap-shaped, spinous-pointed, cobwebby. [As just 
described in the genus Carduus.] Stem 1-4 feet high, with all the leaves continued down the 
stem (continuously winged), the leaves being narrow, deeply lobed, spinous, hairy. \Plate 71. 
There are several varieties of this thistle, distinguished by their degree of hairiness and the 
round or oval shape of the heads. 
Common in waste places. June — September. Biennial. 
PLUME THISTLE. (CNICUS, LINN.) — This genus is like the genus Carduus, but differs 
from it in the fruit being crowned with feather-like hairs (plumose pappus). 
