THE DAISY FAMILY 
155 
*Brown-rayed Knapweed. (Centaurea Jacea, Linn.)— Not a native. As just 
described. The florets purplish-crimson, the outer (ray) large ; the flower-bracts fawn-coloured 
with whitish edges, the inner entire, the outer jagged ; the achenes without hairs ; and the whole 
plant dull green and rather tough. 
Very rare. Introduced into meadows and roadsides in Middlesex and Sussex. August — 
September. Perennial. 
Black Knapweed, Hard Head, Mat Fellon. (Centaurea nigra, Linn.)— Flower- 
heads round (globose) solitary, terminating the stem and branches ; the florets purple-crimson, the 
outer (ray) usually absent ; the flower-bracts dark brown or black, the outer ones triangular and 
fringed ; the achenes with or without a crown of short, stiff calyx-hairs (pappus). [As just 
described in the genus Centaurea.] The stem 6 inches to 3 feet high, wiry, angular, much 
thickened beneath the flower-heads, with the upper leaves strap-shaped, narrow, and the lower 
toothed, with a few small lobes at the base. [. Plate 72. 
Very common. Roadsides, fields. June — October. Perennial. 
Great Knapweed. (Centaurea Scabiosa, Linn.) — Very similar to the Black Knapweed, 
but with the outer florets large and rayed, the bracts with brown fringed margins, the achenes 
crowned with hairs (pappus), and the leaves deeply lobed (pinnatifid). 
Common. Roadsides, dry pastures. July — September. Perennial. 
Corn Flower, Blue Bottle, Blue Cap, Blue Bonnet, Hurt Sickle. (Centaurea 
Cyanus, Linn.) — The flower-heads solitary, forming a loose cluster (cyme) ; the outer florets 
(ray) large, few, divided into 5 or 6 triangular teeth, without stamens and carpels (neuter), 
brilliant blue ; inner (disk) florets pale purplish-rose with a blue limb and purple anthers ; the 
flower-bracts exquisitely marked, soft green in the centre, edged with silvery-yellow, and a purplish 
or brown fringe ; and the achenes crowned with the short, stiff calyx-hairs (pappus). [As just 
described in the genus Centaurea.] Stem 1-2 feet high, wiry, grooved, slightly branched, and 
cottony, the leaves being narrowly lance-shaped, the lower ones toothed, silvery-green. \_P/ate 72. 
The juice of the petals makes good blue ink, and dyes linen a beautiful but not permanent blue. 
Becoming uncommon. Turnip- and corn-fields. Very common in gardens. July — October. 
Annual or biennial. 
Rough Star Thistle, Jersey Star Thistle. (Centaurea aspera, Linn.) — A very rare 
species [as described in the genus Centaurea], with pale purple florets, the outer (ray), and the 
inner (disk) being equal in length ; and the outer flower-bracts each having 3-5 reddish spines 
J inch long. 
Very rare, only found in the Channel Isles. July — September. Perennial. 
Common Star Thistle. (Centaurea Caleitrapa, Linn.)— The flower-heads solitary and 
stalkless (sessile), terminating the stem and branches ; the outer and inner florets equal, pale 
purple-rose ; the outer flower-bracts ending in a stout yellow spine J-i inch long, with 1-5 short 
spines near the base on either side. [As described in the genus Centaurea.] 
Rare. Found in the south and east on gravel or sand. July — August. Annual or biennial. 
*St. Barnaby’s Thistle, Yellow Star Thistle. (Centaurea solstitialis, Linn.)— Not 
a native. The outer (ray) florets shorter than the inner (disk), bright yellow ; the flower-bracts 
ending in long needle-like spines ^-1 inch long, with 2 or 3 short spines on either side near the 
base ; and the leaves continued down the stem (continuously winged or decurrent). 
Rare. Introduced into lucerne and sainfoin fields in the south-east. July — September. Annual. 
CHICORY. (CICHORIUM, LINN.) — A genus containing only two species, the following, and the 
Endive (Cichorium Endivia) of our vegetable gardens. Flower-heads stalkless (sessile) in small 
