WILD FLOWERS OF THE BRITISH ISLES 
clusters up stiff, branching stems. Florets all strap-shaped (ligulate), 5-toothed, pale, clear blue. 
Flower-bracts in two rows, the outer 5 in number, short ; the inner 8 or 10, united at the base, and 
turned back after flowering. Calyx-tube surmounted with minute erect scales ; petals 5, united at 
the base into a tube and spreading into a flat, strap-shaped limb which is 5-toothed ; stamens 5, 
with the anthers united ; carpels 2, united ; fruit an achene crowned with the minute erect scales 
of the calyx in x or 2 rows. Stout, perennial herbs with a milky juice. 
Wild Chicory or Succory. (Cichorium Intybus, Linn.)— The only British species (as 
just described). The bright blue flower-heads large, i-i| inches across, in twos or threes up 
the branches ; the stem 1-4 feet high, rough, angular, tough ; the upper leaves lance-shaped, clasping 
the stem (amplexicaul), and the lower lobed, with the lobes pointing towards the base (runci- 
nate). [ Plate 73. 
Fairly common. Waste places, roadsides, on chalk. July — October. Perennial. 
SWINE’S or LAMB’S SUCCORY. (ARNOSERIS, G^RTN.)— A genus consisting of the 
one species — 
Lamb’s Succory, Dwarf Nipplewort. (Arnoseris pusilla, Gaertn.)— The flower 
heads inch across, on leafless stems (scapes), simple or slightly branched at the top, each 
branch being terminated by a yellow flower-head. Florets all strap-shaped (ligulate), yellow. 
Flower-bracts in 2 rows. Calyx-tube surmounted with a narrow border or a ring of hairs ; 
petals 5, united at the base into a tube, and spreading into a flat, 5-toothed limb (ligulate) ; 
stamens 5, with the anthers united ; carpels 2, united ; fruit an achene crowned with the border 
or hairs of the calyx. Flower-stems hollow, milky, gradually thickening up to the flower-heads i 
leaves in a rosette, only growing from the root (radical) egg-shaped, with the broad end towards 
the apex (obovate), toothed. 
Rare, local. Chiefly in the eastern counties. June — August. Annual. 
NIPPLEWORT. (LAPSANA, LINN.) — Flower-heads small, terminating the stem and branches. 
Florets all strap-shaped (ligulate), 8-12, pale yellow. Flower-bracts in 2 rows, the outer row minute. 
Calyx-border uncrowned ; petals 5, united into a tube at the base, and spreading into a 5-toothed, 
strap-shaped limb (ligulate) ; stamens 5, with the anthers united ; carpels 2, united ; fruit a 
ribbed achene, uncrowned. Herbs with milky juice, and lower leaves deeply lobed towards the 
midrib, with the terminal lobe much the largest (lyrately-pinnatifid). 
Common Nipplewort. (Lapsana communis, Linn.) — The only British species (as 
just described). The flower-heads numerous, inch across ; the flower-bracts narrow 
(linear), stiff ; the stem 8 inches to 3 feet high, erect, branched, and the upper leaves small, oval, or 
egg-shaped (ovate), slightly toothed (dentate). [ Plate 73. 
Very common. Waste places and hedgerows. July — August. Annual. 
OX-TONGUE. (PICRIS, LINN.) — Flower-heads in loose terminal clusters (corymbs). 
Florets all strap-shaped (ligulate), yellow, the outside ones sometimes reddish on the under side. 
Flower-bracts in 2 rows. Calyx-tube surmounted with hairs ; petals 5, united into a tube at the 
base, and spreading into a 5-toothed, strap-shaped limb (ligulate) ; stamens 5, with the anthers 
united ; carpels 2, united ; fruit an achene, crowned with the calyx-hairs (pappus), the inner of 
which are feathery (plumose). Rough, branched herbs, with undivided or deeply lobed (pin- 
natifid) leaves, and milky juice. 
Hawkweed Ox-tongue. (Pieris hieraeioides, Linn.) — As just described. The flower- 
heads numerous, 1 inch across, yellow, growing in a fairly flat-topped terminal mass (corymb), the 
