CXCVIII.— ANALYTICAL DRAWINGS OF THE 
IVY AND PARSLEY FAMILIES. 
{Araliace a and Utnbelliferce.) 
T HE two considerable Families of which some representatives are analysed on this 
Plate are both very obviously allied and almost as obviously distinguishable. 
Both have scattered leaves and umbellate inflorescences ; both have flowers for the most 
part individually small, pentamerous and polysymmetric, perfect and epigynous, with 
a single whorl of stamens, and pendulous anatropous ovules becoming albuminous 
seeds. The Araliace however, are mostly tropical trees or shrubs with five carpels, 
forming a drupaceous fruit or berry ; while the Umbellifera are mostly herbaceous, 
belonging mainly to the North Temperate Zone, and have a cremocarp , or dry fruit 
of two carpels, which usually separate, when ripe, into two indehiscent mericarps. 
Although other species have sometimes been referred to it, the Family Araliace a 
is now solely represented among British plants by the Common Ivy ( Hedera Helix 
Linne), dissections of which form the first line of figures on the Plate. Fig. I is a 
flower, very slightly enlarged, the reflexed petals concealing the minute sepals ; 
Fig. 2 is an enlargement of a flower with the petals removed ; Fig. 3, the “ berry,’’ 
natural size ; and Fig. 4, a flower in longitudinal section, showing two of the carpels 
and the undivided style which is characteristic of the Family. 
As will be seen in the other seven rows of figures, considerable uniformity, at 
least in number and relative arrangement of the parts of flower and fruit, characterises 
the Umbellifer <e. 
The second line of figures represents the Marsh Pennywort ( Hydrocotyle vulgaris 
Linne), Fig. 1 being a flower of natural size ; Fig. 2, the same enlarged, with a 
bracteole below it ; Fig. 3, one of the incurved petals enlarged ; Fig. 4, an unripe 
fruit enlarged, showing the ridges and divergent styles ; and Fig. 5, a cross section 
of the fruit, showing the narrow commissure and pentagonal carpels. 
The third line of figures deals with the Sea Holly ( Eryngium maritimum 
Linn6). Fig. 1 is an enlarged view of a flower and a bracteole ; Fig. 2, two of the 
stamens ; Fig. 3, the incurved petal ; Fig. 4, a much enlarged view of the fruit in 
longitudinal section ; Fig. 5, a less enlarged view of the exterior of a fruit, both the 
last two showing the persisting leafy sepals ; and Fig. 6, an enlarged transverse 
section across the fruit. 
The fourth line of figures represents the Wood Sanicle ( Sanicula europ<ea Linn6), 
Fig. 1 being a single flower, natural size ; Fig. 2, one of the outer flowers of the 
umbel, which is exclusively staminate, enlarged. It shows the indexed points of the 
petals and the very long filaments of the stamens. Fig. 3 is an inner flower, either 
exclusively carpellate, or at least in the later, carpellate, stage of development, 
showing the petals differing in form and the two long styles. Fig. 4 is a side view 
