INTRODUCTION 
and the Sweet Williams of our gardens, the cymes are termed fascicles ; 
but if such a cluster occurs in the axil of a leaf, as in the Box, it is called 
a glomerule ; and two such glomerules in the axils of two opposite leaves, 
as in the Dead-nettles, form a verticillaster, or false whorl round the 
stem. Other forms of cyme are named from the indefinite inflorescences 
which they resemble, often very closely. Thus the Guelder-Roses have 
corymbose cymes , Stone-crop has a spicate cyme , and Cranes’-bills have 
umbellate cymes. Mixed inflorescences are those in which the first order 
of branching may be racemose and the second cymose, or vice versa. 
Thus the Purple Loosestrife and the Spearmint have a spike of verti- 
cillasters , the Chicory has a unilateral cyme of capitula , and the Ragwort 
a corymbose cyme of capitula. 
The flower is a shoot or branch bearing leaves modified so as to assist 
directly or indirectly in the production of seed. The internodes, or joints 
of the stem between the leaves, are seldom at all elongated, 
The Flower 
so that the leaves are crowded together, either spirally or in 
whorls ; and the floral leaves (which do not produce buds in their axils) 
are of four kinds, known respectively as sepals , petals , stamens , and carpels. 
These, though not necessarily all present in every flower, are, if present, 
always in this order on the axis from below upwards. The portion of the 
axis within the flower is known as the receptacle or thalamus. The sepals 
collectively constitute the calyx (Greek K.akv £, kalux, a cup) ; the petals, the 
corolla (Latin for a little crown). Calyx and corolla together are termed the 
perianth (Greek v epl, peri-, round ; avdos, anthos , a flower) or foral envelopes , 
in contradistinction to the stamens and carpels, which are called the 
essential organs , since seed cannot be formed if they are absent. If both calyx 
and corolla are present in the same flower, as in the Buttercup, in which 
flower the five sepals are green and the petals golden, the flower is termed 
complete ; but if one or both of these envelopes is absent, the flower is 
incomplete. An incomplete flower, if it has one envelope, as in the Marsh 
Marigold, is monochlamydeous (Greek povos, monos, one ; gXapix;, chlamus , a 
cloak), while if it has neither calyx nor corolla, as in the Ash, it is 
achlamydeous (Greek a, a-, without ; yXapvs, chlamus , a cloak). If both 
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