ANALYTICAL DRAWINGS OF CONIFERS— continued. 
ovules are in all cases borne in distinct flowers ; but these may be on the same tree 
( monoecious ), as in Pinus , or diacious, as in the Yew. 
In the Order Araucariace# , to which both the Scots Fir and the Juniper belong, 
the seeds are borne on fully-developed cones. 
The Scots Fir represents the Family Abietinea ?, which is characterised by 
spirally-arranged leaves and inverted ovules. It has its needle-leaves in pairs on 
short shoots, or shoots of limited growth, wrapped round at their bases by 
scale-leaves ; while the long shoots bear scale-leaves only. Each apparent whorl of 
branches on the main stem marks a year’s growth. The flowers, both male and 
female, are cone-shaped and are, in fact, specially modified short shoots. The 
male or staminate flowers are grouped together in a spike, as represented in the 
first figure in the first row on our Plate. Fig. 2 is a single male flower made up of 
a number of stamens, each bearing two pollen-sacs on its under surface. Each 
pollen-grain has two bladder-like floats. The female cone (Figs. 4, 5, 6) is made up 
of numerous small outer or “carpellary” scales, each with a larger “ ovuliferous ” 
scale above it ; and it is the woodily-enlarged rhomboid apices of these latter that 
form the “ tessellae ” of the surface of an unripe cone (Fig. 5). The seventh figure 
in the first row shows one young ovuliferous scale, with its two ovules, as seen 
from below and from above. The cones take two or three years before the seeds 
are ripe. The eighth figure is the inner or upper surface of a scale bearing its two 
seeds ; the ninth, a seed, natural size ; and the tenth, the same enlarged. In this 
species each seed is furnished with a wing-like process, which aids in its dispersal 
by wind. The scales of the cone spread apart in the first June to admit the pollen, 
close up again, to diverge once more when the seeds are ripe. The eleventh figure 
shows a seed in section, exhibiting the deeply-divided cotyledons of its embryo. 
In the Juniper, representing the Family Cupressinea , the leaves are in whorls of 
three. The first figure in the second row is a staminate branch and the second a 
single stamen. The third figure shows the young female cone of three scales ; the 
fifth figure representing one opened so as to show the ovules which alternate with 
the scales ; the fourth being a ripe “ berry ” ; and the sixth, a cross section showing 
the three seeds. 
The first figure in the third row is a staminate branch of the Yew ; the second, 
a single staminate flower, a cluster of peltate stamens ; while the other figures 
exhibit the gradual development of the solitary ovules which, after pollination, 
become surrounded by the pink, juicy, cup-shaped “aril,” which serves to attract 
birds. 
