LVIII. — ANALYTICAL DRAWINGS OF THE NETTLE, 
SANDALWOOD, AND KNOT-GRASS ORDERS, AND 
OF THE GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 
( Urtica/es , Santala/es , Polygonales , and Chenopodiacece .) 
T HE nine types of which analytical drawings are given on this Plate constitute 
a somewhat heterogeneous assemblage. What we now know as the Order 
Urticales was long ago recognised as including plants so doubtfully akin to one 
another that it was styled “ the botanist’s marine-store shop.” The Order Santalales 
consists mainly of parasitic plants presenting many remarkably exceptional and 
apparently primitive characters. The Order Polygonales is certainly akin to the 
Family Chenopodiacece, which is included by Engler in the Order Centrospermce. 
The first four types that occur here — the Wych-Elm, Hop, Nettle, and 
Pellitory — belong to the Order Urticales. They mostly agree in having a whorled 
polysymmetric calyx, or herbaceous perianth, with stamens superposed to its leaves, 
and an ovary containing a single ovule and forming a small nut-like fruit. 
Of the three component Families of the Order, the Wych-Elm represents the 
Ulmacece , the Hop the Morace<e , and the Nettle and the Pellitory the Urticacece. 
The Ulmacece are trees with simple, stipulate, and often oblique leaves, usually 
perfect flowers with a perianth and two united carpels forming a two-chambered 
ovary, one chamber of which, however, becomes aborted. In the Elms the number 
of perianth-leaves in each of the little flowers in the reddish tufts that appear before 
the leaves may be four or five, the stamens being of the same number. The fruit 
is a samara or winged nut, the wing being in reality double, one-half belonging to 
each carpel and each half terminating above in an incurved apex. 
The first figure in the first line is a flower of the Wych-Elm, natural size ; 
Fig. 2 is one enlarged, with a bract below it ; Fig. 3, the same in section ; 
Fig. 4, an anther ; Fig. 5, the characteristic apex of the samara, enlarged, 
showing the points of the two wings and the “ sinus ” between them, together with 
a whole samara of natural size, showing the central position of the seed-cavity ; 
Fig. 6 is a seed, and Fig. 7 shows one in longitudinal section. 
The Family Moracece includes such diverse types as the Mulberries, Figs, 
Breadfruits, Hemp, and Hop, the last two more obviously related and often treated 
as a distinct Family. Most members of the Family are trees with a milky latex, 
unisexual flowers, and a perianth of four leaves ; but the Hemp and Hops are 
herbaceous plants with watery juice and no true perianth in the female flowers. 
In the second row of figures, Fig. 1 is a staminate flower of the Hop ; 
Fig. 2, the same enlarged ; Fig. 3, a female flower with its bracteole ; Fig. 4, 
two such flowers in the axil of one bract ; Fig. 5, a complete “ strobilus ” or 
fruiting catkin ; Fig. 6, a single fruit with its adherent wing-like bract ; Fig. 7, 
a fruit, showing its orange glands of lupulin ; and Fig. 8, the same in section. 
