THE GREATER SPEARWORT— continued. 
margins. Bentham in his “British Flora” (1865) refers only to aerial leaves, which 
he describes as “ glabrous with a few nearly parallel veins,” as also does Hooker in 
his “ Student’s Flora,” his full description being “ leaves sessile, J-amplexicaul 
lanceolate entire or toothed . . . 6-10 in. |-i in. broad, veins parallel or reticulated.” 
Nevertheless the presence of submerged leaves seems to have been observed at 
least as early as Caspar Bauhin, who writes in his “ Pinax Theatri Botanic!” (1623), 
“ Folia prima aliquando subrotunda sunt.” Parkinson also seems to have seen 
them, since in his “ Theatrum ” ( i 640) he says ; — 
“ The Greater Marsh Spearwort hath a long joynted root, whence riseth up a thick joynted smooth stalke, two foot high, 
furnished with large and long shining and smooth thinner leaves, than in the next [f?. Hammula L.], some being more than 
half a foote long and two to three inches broad, but smaller up to the toppe.” 
Two centuries later these submerged leaves were correctly described by 
Bromfield in his “Flora Vectensis ” (1856), by Syme in “English Botany” (1863), 
and most fully by Roper in the “Journal of the Linnean Society ” in 1884. They 
are seven to nine inches long, on sheathing petioles which are four or five inches long, 
the blades three or four inches across, ovate-oblong, obtuse, cordate at the base, 
entire or slightly undulate-crenate, rather membranous and semi-transparent, 
perfectly glabrous, reticulately veined, and remaining green throughout the winter. 
On the other hand, the aerial leaves are almost sessile, with sheathing bases, 
erect, lanceolate, six to ten inches long, about an inch across, very acute, with 
slight distant serratures, leathery, opaque, smooth or hairy with adpressed hairs 
chiefly on their under surfaces. Their venation adds to their many resemblances to 
the leaves of aquatic Monocotyledons, there being one principal midrib from 
which pairs of much finer secondary longitudinal veins arise at intervals converging 
at the apex of the leaf, while fine obliquely transverse tertiary veins complete 
the meshwork. 
The handsome flowers are about two inches across, and have a copious 
secretion of honey from the large gland at the base of each petal. The stigmas 
mature before the anthers, which bend and burst outwards in succession ; but, 
though pollination is mainly effected by flies, self-fertilisation may also occur. The 
carpels are compressed, with a flat margin and a minutely pitted surface. 
The English name Spearwort obviously refers to the upper leaves, as does also 
the specific name Lingua that Linnaeus borrowed from Pliny ; but when Pliny says 
“ there is herb called ‘ lingua ’ which grows in the neighbourhood of fountains,” it is 
more probable that he was referring to the Hart’s-tongue Fern than to this plant. 
In spite of its aquatic habitat the Spearwort has the marked acridity of the 
Family, while the allied R. Flammula derives from this property its name, which 
signifies “ a little flame.” 
