THE WILD RASPBERRY— continued. 
arrangement during the second year on the stems formed during the first year : 
their calyx is deeply divided into five lobes, has, as we have said, no epicalyx, and 
persists in the fruit stage : the petals are normally five, white or pink, perigynous 
and deciduous ; and the stamens numerous, perigynous, and in one or more whorls. 
The floral receptacle is flat in the Stone Bramble and Cloudberry, conical in the rest. 
In the Raspberries, which constitute Focke’s sub-genus Idceobatus, the ripe fruit 
separates as a whole from a dry, conical receptacle, whilst in the other shrubby 
brambles, the sub-genus Eubatus^ the drupels remain attached to the receptacle, 
which is spongy. 
As the Classical Latin Rubus is suggested to be connected with a Celtic root rub^ 
meaning “ red,” it may have referred in the first instance rather to the Raspberries 
than to the Blackberries. 
The Raspberry is widely distributed in Northern and Western Asia, in North 
Africa, and throughout Europe, even beyond the Arctic Circle ; and in our islands 
it is so generally distributed as to be unquestionably indigenous. Abundant 
on Mount Ida in Asia Minor, it was called Bctros ’iSata, Batos Idaia, by 
Dioscorides, which was latinised as Rubus idcsus by Matthiolus and so retained by 
Linnaeus. The pretty French name Framboise is said to be a corruption of a Dutch 
name Brambezie ; and the Old English Hindberry, still used in the North and 
represented also by the Danish Hindbaer^ may merely suggest that the fruit was a 
favourite with deer. The plant is first recorded as British by Gerard, in 1597, 
under the name Raspis Bushy he saying : — 
“ I have found it among the bushes of a cawsey neere unto a village called Wisterson where I went to schoole two miles 
from the Nantwich in Cheshire." 
With a short, creeping rhizome, the plant sends up numerous suckers or 
“ canes ” to a height of four to six feet. These biennial stems are round, erect, but 
nodding at the top, glaucous or mealy, with few, straight, bristle-like prickles, 
pointing slightly downwards. The leaves consist of five, three, or seven pinnately- 
arranged leaflets, with a white-felted under surface and an irregularly serrate margin. 
The flowers droop, a few together, with curved prickles on their stalks, and last two 
days. The stamens and stigmas mature simultaneously ; but honey is secreted by a 
fleshy ring-shaped nectary on the receptacle and many insects come for it. The 
greenish, white-felted sepals spread outwards as the petals fall and then bend backward, 
whilst the narrow white petals standing erect so squeeze the stamens together as to 
shut off short-tongued insects from the nectary. The drupels are covered with a 
white down when young : they are numerous, form a globular group, turn red or 
amber-coloured as they ripen, and then drop off as a whole. Swallowed by birds, or 
other animals, their little pitted stones or “ endocarps ” resist digestion, and the plant 
is undoubtedly largely dispersed in this manner. It does not seem very particular as 
to soil, occurring in dry and damp situations, on sand, loam, and limestone. 
