Synoptical and Specific Descriptions. 
77 
and with the limb absent or modified into few or many scales, bristles, hairs or feathered hairs, and known as the pappus when surmounting the fruit. Corolla either all tubular, 
all bilabiate, all strap-shaped, or the inner tubular and the outer strap-shaped in the same head, in the latter case the larger strap-shaped and often coloured outer florets making 
the resemblance of the head to a flower with these as petals the greater. Stamens 5, filaments distinct, anthers cohering round the style. Stigma bifid. Ovary inferior, 1 -celled, 
with 1 erect ovule, forming an indehiscent i-seeded fruit, often crowned by a sessile or stalked pappus. Seed exalbuminous. Leaves usually alternate, exstipulate. Flowers 
perfect, monoecious or dioecious ; perfect, female and neuter florets being often in 1 head. 
The largest Family for the whole world and for most localities, usually represented by herbaceous weeds ; in this Province only a very few attain shrub or tree size. 
Bitterness is the most common principle in the Family ; a few, as the lettuce and the chicory, are edible under certain conditions, and many are used in medicine. Garden 
flowers are numerous, including the Daisy, Marguerite, Dahlia, Marigold, Cineraria, Senecio, Pyrethrum, Sunflower, Aster, Chrysanthemum and Helichrysum. 
163. VERNONIA. Herbs, shrubs or small trees, with alternate leaves, cymose-panicled inflorescence, and usually many-flowered capitula of white, pinkish or purplish, 
tubular, hermaphrodite flowers. Style branches slender. Pappus composed of numerous setae. Very diverse in habit and appearance. 
V. senegalensis, Less. Van. names — 4, Pahla-pofu, Pahla-kapfa, Insumbalume, Shirangela-nguba ; 10, Mesagulo ; 15, Nyatsele. A tomentose much-branched shrub 
2-6 metres high, occasionally up to 30 c.m. diameter of stem. Leaves obovate-elliptical, tapering to both ends, sinuate or lobed, 10-15 c.m. long, 5-8 c.m. wide, 
ultimately glabrescent. Panicle terminal, often 30 c.m. or more across ; heads 1-5-2 c.m. diameter, involucral bracts blunt, corolla white or tinged with purple ; 
pappus grey or rusty brown. Frequent throughout the Province ; or it may be that several species of Vernonia having the same general appearance are taken 
collectively under the common names given above. 
Plate LXXIII. A. 1, Part of panicle, in fruit ; 2, Seed and Pappus, x 2 ; 3, Flower, x 2 ; 4, Hair of Pappus, x 5. 
164. BRACHYL./ENA. Dicecious. Heads discoid, many-flowered, in axillary or terminal racemes or panicles. Involucre of many dry imbricating scales; receptacle 
naked; corolla tubular. Male flower — anthers exserted, tailed at the base; style simple, filiform; ovary abortive, hispid. Female flower anthers abortive, 
separate; pistil exserted, bifid; achenes glandular-pubescent, with 2 row's of bristles as pappus. Leaves alternate, entire or toothed or 3-lobcd, coriaceous, glabrous 
on the upper surface, glabrous or tomentose below. A small genus of resinous shrubs, endemic to extra-tropical South Africa. 
B. discolor, De Cand. Vern. names — 4, 15, Pahla, Iinpahla, or Intsombelo ; 5, Bacha (Mugude) ; 6, Tsumbi ; 13, i-pahla. A small grey tree 7-10 metres high, 30 45 
c.m. stem diameter; leaves oval-obovate, obtuse, cuneate at the base, glabrous above, white tomentose beneath, 7-10 c.m. long, 3-4 c.m. wide ; panicles mostly 
terminal, shortly conical, up to 30 c.m. long, those of the male trees looser and fewer-flowered than the female. Flowers very variable in size; involucral scales 
woolly at the edges. Abundant around Lourenzo Marques and along the coast ; present but less common inland, and not observed north of Inhambane , occurs 
also in Cape Colony and Natal. 
Plate LXXIII. B. 1, Panicle ; 2, Flower-head, x 7 ; 3, Flower, x 4 ; 4, Empty receptacles, after seed has fallen ; 5, Seed and pappus, side view ; 6, Same, top view, showing single circle of long hairs. 
165. TARCHONANTHUS. Dioecious. Florets all regular; heads few-flowered, arranged in lax terminal and axillary panicles. Involucre erect, close; receptacle hairy, 
corolla tubular with short 5-fid spreading limb. Male flower— stamens exserted, ovary abortive with slender single style and large nectary. Female flower- 
stamens abortive; nectary absent ; style exserted, bifid ; achenes very woolly, but without pappus. An African genus, of 2 species. 
T. camphoratus, Linn. Vern. names— 2, Arvore de Camphora ; 14, Camphor hout. Shrub or small tree, usually much-branched from the base and producing upright 
virgate branches, but sometimes forming a clean stem 20-25 c.m. diameter and growing into a tree 5-7 metres high. Leaves lanceolate or obovate, bluntly pointed, 
shortly petioled, 7-15 c.m. long, 1-5-4 c.m. wide, entire, coriaceous, reticulated, white-tomentose beneath, at first grey-tomentose above, afterwards glabrous. Leaves 
on coppice shoots wider, more oval, and often distinctly toothed. Panicles 15-20 c.m. long and wide, lax, but many-headed. Female flower-heads 3-5 flowered ; 
involucral scales ovate ; achenes very woolly. A hoary shrub, highly scented. Present on the sea-dunes near Lourenzo Marques, also occasionally, but rarely, m 
the forests throughout the Province. For illustration see “ Forest Flora of Cape Colony,” p. 245, Plate XCI. 
