96 
Forest Flora of Portuguese East Africa. 
Hypogynous scales 4, free, erect, acute. Style as long as the perianth, subulate, persistent, at first enclosed and arching, afterwards free ; ovary densely silky ; nut 
set with long straight hairs, making the fruiting spike a cylinder of hairs from which the stigmas protrude. 
F. arborea, Sim (“ Forest Flora of Cape Colony,” 297, Plate CXXX.) A fine straight evergreen tree, 20 metres in height, up to 80 c.m. stem diameter, having widely 
lanceolate, somewhat wavy, entire, coriaceous, acute leaves, 7-15 c.m. long, 1 '5-2 '5 c.m. wide, shining above, lighter and veined beneath, tapering to both ends, 
and with a slender petiole 2-3 c.m. long. Spike without involucre, 10-15 c.m. long, many -flowered, the flowers spirally arranged in many rows round the stem. 
Flowers sessile ; perianth 2-4 c.m. long, cylindrical in bud, afterwards reflexed from about the middle, leaving the subulate stigma exserted ; each flower subtended 
by a short triangular scale, and having 4 acute hypogynous scales. Nut shortly stalked, set with dense rigid white hairs, and tipped by the long glabrous style. 
Seen only at Umbclusi (extra-tropical), and in Natal and Pondoland. 
FAMILY LIII.-URTICACEjE. 
I^u-ge trees, shrubs or herbs, with unisexual or polygamous or rarely bisexual flowers, axillary in cymes or singly, or enclosed in fleshy figs. Perianth regular or 
irregular, inferior ; stamens hypogynous, usually as many as the perianth segments and opposite them, often inflexed in bud ; anthers 2-celled ; ovary superior, i-celled, x-ovuled, 
with 1-2 styles. Ovule erect or pendulous, albumen fleshy or none, radicle superior. Fruit various. A large Family, widely distributed, but most largely represented in the 
tropics. In the herbaceous genera stinging hairs are often present on the leaves. The ligneous kinds belong to the sub-orders Celtideas and Morese. 
204. CHAiTACHME. Small South African, spine-bearing, monoecious trees with axillary flowers ; the male clustered, the female solitary. Male— Perianth 5-fid, the 
segments valvate in aestivation ; stamens 5, in front of the perianth segments, cordate-acute, with short filaments ; ovary rudimentary. Female — Perianth small, 
5-fid ; stamens absent, ovary ovate, pointed, with 2 long spreading, feathery styles. Ovule pendulous. Drupe 1-5 c.m. diameter, fleshy at first, afterwards dry and 
hard, with a bony stone. Leaves alternate, ovate, abruptly bristle-pointed, coriaceous, glabrous, reticulated on the under surface, and with a short petiole, which, 
like the twigs and stipules, is pubescent when young. Stipule single, opposite the leaf, embracing the further growth, and early deciduous. Spines axillary, single 
or in pairs, 5-25 m.m. long, acute, strong, present or absent. 
C. aristata, Planch. Vent. names — 13, Um-kovoti ; 15, Bambangwe. A small tree or large spreading bush, up to 7 metres high, and 30 c.m. stem diameter, frequent 
in the Maputa Lebombo kloofs, as also in Natal and eastern Cape Colony, and having a hard close-grained timber, seldom used. Variable even on the same bush 
in regard to spinescence, leaf-form, pubescence, and as to whether the leaves be entire or sharply dentate. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 2-5 c.m. long, 2-3 c.m. 
wide, with a bristle 5 m.m. long at the point. Male flowers minute, female flowers larger; fruit 15-2 c.m. diameter, globose, black, i-seeded. For illustration see 
“ Forest Flora of Cape Colony,” 305, Plate CLX. fig. 1. 
205. TREMA. Tropical and sub-tropical trees, having evergreen, simple, alternate, distichous, serrate leaves, and polygamous 3-morphous flowers in axillary cymes, the 
female on separate twigs, the male and hermaphrodite often together. Perianth-segments 5, valvate in bud, disc somewhat hairy. Male flowers— stamens usually 
5, 2-celled, on short filaments ; ovary more or less rudimentary. Hermaphrodite flowers— as in the male flowers, but ovary complete and potent. Fertile flowers 
—segments flat, unequal, imbricate below, with or without stamens, persistent ; ovary sessile, style central, variously divided into 2 linear papillose branches. 
Ovule pendulous. Fruit small, sub-globose, often crowned by the more or less persistent style, leathery, surrounded by the persistent perianth, and with a hard 
stone. Albumen fleshy or scanty, embryo curved. Leaves shortly petioled, 3-veined at the base ; stipules lateral, free, caducous. About 30 species, widely 
dispersed, and very variable in every character, of which several are African. 
T. bracteolata, Blume. ( = Sponia bracteolata, Hochst.) Vern. names — 4, Peshwa ; Tamawaat ; Jafilo ; 5, Filo ; 6, Fuleti ; Um-fulete ; 10, Impevu ; Imveyo ; 13, 
Umbengele; Nbantini ; Umvangazi. A large tree, up to 20 metres height, and 1 metre diameter of stem, but much more frequently seen or recognised as a 
vigorous sapling, flowering in its 2nd or 3rd year, and having abundant large distichous leaves and large cymes. Leaves 5-10 c.m. long, 2-5 c.m. wide, ovate-acute 
or ovate-lanceolate, from a tapering, rounded or cordate, and sometimes oblique base, silky or rufous pubescent when young, scabrid with age. Cymes 2-5 c.m. 
long on young trees, 1-2 c.m. long or less on old trees. Fruit small, black. Abundant throughout the Province, as also in Natal and Eastern Cape Colony. 
Pi. ATE XCVI. A. 1, Part of fruiting branch ; 2, Female flower, x 2 ; 3, Male flower, x 2. 
