SUBORDER II.— ALCYONARIA. 
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SuBOEDER II.— ALCYONAKIA. 
Zoophytes wholly fleshy or coralligenoiis, gemmiparous. 
Polyps having the tentacles eight in number, papillose, with the 
papillae perforate at apex. Yisceral lamellae eight. Coral secre- 
tions formed from the foot of the polyps, or by the internal tis- 
sues, but never by the visceral lamella ; the foot-secretions, for 
the most part, either corneous or calcareous, rarely siliceous ; the 
tissue-secretions calcareous. 
The families may be briefly characterized as follows 
1. Pknnatdlida:. — Free, or with the base buried. 
2. Alcyonid-e.— A ttached ; no coral secretions, or only calcareous spicula 
within, and no axis. 
3. CoRNDLARiD^. — Attached; coralla tubular, corneous. 
4. Tubiporide. — Attached ; coralla tubular, calcareous. 
5. Gorgonide. — Attached ; a separable axis to the branches. 
Family I.— PENNATULIDiE. 
Unattached Alcyonaria, either free or with the base buried. 
This family may be subdivided as follows : 
Subfamily I. Pennatuline. — ^Polyps retractile. 
G. 1. jRem’Wa.— Free, explanate, unifacial (reniform). 
2. Veretillum . — -Very stout, oblong cylindrical, simple, with scattered 
polyps. 
3. Virgularia . — Slender virgate, with very short pinnules or none. 
4. Penncdula.-~P’mnBXe and stout, or plumiform, with long pinnules. 
Subfamily II. Pavonarine.— Polyps not retractile. 
5. Pavonaria. — -Virgate, polyps secund. 
6. Umhdlularia.--~Y\xgt!tQf polyps in a terminal cluster. 
Subfamily I.— PENNATULIN^. 
Polyps retractile. 
