£ fye (D^to Naturalist 
PUBLISHED BY 
THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY 
Vol. J. JUNE, 1901 No. 8 
A STUDY IN VARIATION ON THE WING OF THE 
HONEY BEE. 
F. L. Landaore. 
While working on the Honey Bee in the laboratory at the Uni- 
versity it was observed that the number of hooks connecting the 
posterior wing with the anterior was not constant. 
The query at once arose as to the amount of variation there 
might be between different bees in the same hive and also between 
different hives. Out of this grew a somewhat practical problem as 
to whether the increase in number of hooks was associated with a 
decrease in the size of the wing, or whether the increase in number 
of hooks also implied an increase in size of wing. 
The wings of the bee are undoubtedly more efficient for be- 
ing closely attached to each other. The life of the workers is so 
short, being only about three weeks, and their activity so great that 
any increase in efficiency, especially in the organs of flight, must 
have a very direct influence on the welfare of the whole swarm. 
So far as the well being of the swarm depends upon nutritive pro- 
cesses the efficiency of the hive is equal to the average efficiency of 
the workers. Now, if the increase in number of hooks and the con- 
sequent, firmer attachment of the wings is compensated for by a 
smaller wing, there is much less opportunity for the operation of 
natural selection on the individual bees than if the greater nnmber 
of hooks is always associated with a broader or longer wing. 
This selective process might occur either in the hive or between 
hives. If it occurs in the hive it would increase the efficiency of the 
hive somewhat; but if it occurs between hives it finally means the 
elimination of the weaker hive and the consequent increased effi- 
ciency of the species. 
In order to find out the real conditions, one of the students, Mr. 
J. N. Frank, took twenty-five workers from each of four hives and 
counted the number of hooks on each wing, right and left, and also 
measured the width of the anterior and posterior wings on]each side, 
