12 
Annals of the Transvaal Museum. 
of some importance. There are fewer long spines on the two anterior 
trunk segments — the lateral spicule between the first and second seg- 
ments of the anterior trunk are lacking. The two transverse dorsal series 
of spines are lacking, only the two end members of each being present. 
The lateral process at the widest part of the trunk is a long swollen spine, 
the second is a spicule. The two processes at the posterior corners of the 
trunk are thick curved horns (as in variety crassispinosa Murray [ 25 ]). 
The processes on the rump are large and lanceolate, whereas in the Indian 
form they are small “ combs ” of several spicules each. There is a slender 
lateral spine on the anal, not present in the Indian form. Teeth, four in 
each jaw ; central setae on discs. 
Second . — Variety brevispinosa Murray ( 26 ). Exactly as described 
from Old Calabar, 1908. Mr. Bryce at the first expressed the belief that 
this was specifically distinct from multispinosa. Further experience of 
many forms gives weight to his opinion. It is found that the short- 
spined forms have almost invariably only two teeth while the long-spined 
forms have from three to five teeth. I have seen only two individual 
exceptions (a short-spined one with four teeth, and a long-spined with 
only two) which either prove the rule or upset it. As the whole group 
needs overhauling, brevbpinosa is left in the meanwhile a variety. 
Third . — Short-spined. Distinguished by the extreme reduction of 
the spines. There are only a few lateral spicules on the anterior trunk, 
none on the central except small spicules on the posterior corners, and a 
few small ones on the rump. The spurs are very short, blunt, and 
incurved, as shown in the figure (fig. 16). 
Fourth (figs. 8a~8c.) — Short-spined ; differing from brevispinosa 
chiefly in the replacing of some of the spines of the anterior trunk by 
somewhat ligular processes, having small bulbose bases and expanded 
flat tips. Teeth, two. 
The development of ligular processes is carried further in a form from 
Central Africa, which is here figured for comparison, as it has never before 
been figured (fig. 9). It will be seen that this form has three pairs of ligular 
processes on the anterior trunk. The lateral process on the first trunk 
segment is a sharp curved spine with a bulbose base. Teeth, two. 
Fifth (fig. 14).— A puzzling form, resembling multispinosa, 
brevispinosa, and pinniger. On the first trunk segment there is only one 
pair of slender curved spines ; on the second segment there are two pairs 
of lateral broad leaf-like laminae ; on the central trunk there is a transverse 
row of little knobs, and near the ends of the row, on each side, a lateral 
curved spine. 
Sixth (fig. 18). — A variety resembling brevispinosa, but with knobs 
instead of spines, thus approaching, or at least resembling C. papillosa. 
The knobs are so numerous that the outline has an erose appearance. 
Callidina pinnigera Murray ( 26 ) (Plate III, fig. 15). — This species 
varies extremely, being closely linked with C. multispinosa and C. zicken- 
drahti Richters ( 28 ). These extreme forms do not occur in Africa. The 
form from Pondoland only differs from the type in minor details. The 
broad fins are not so broadly truncate, and are not widest at the end, but 
some way lower down. The processes at the angles of the fourth central, 
