CLASSIFICATIONS OF ZOOPHYTES. 
57 
Taenia Stirps libera, moniliformis, articulata. 
Yolvox Stirps libera, globosa, sobole nidulante.” * 
The precision of the definitions in this arrangement, and the 
manner in which they are contrasted, is highly characteristic of 
its author, but into many of the genera species are introduced, 
which are not conformable to the definitions ; and some of these, 
Pennatula and Hydra, for example, are grossly erroneous. The 
theoretical character of the second order, and of some of its ge- 
nera, might also be objected to in a matter-of-fact work ; but it 
is an easy task for the student of the present sera to point out 
defects in the method of the master who had to plan the way, 
and who succeeded in making it level and easy to his followers. 
Pallas, in 1766, embraced the Lithophyta and Zoophyta in 
one order, for which he adopted the latter denomination, for he 
very properly believed that the Linnsean distinctions served on- 
ly to 44 divide the things that are in nature join’d.” He sepa- 
rated some spurious species of Hydra and formed them into the 
genus Brachionus , which, though a good genus, is a doubtful 
member of the order of zoophytes. His genus Antipathes , se- 
vered from Gorgonia, is well defined ; and with equal propriety 
he restored the celliferous corallines of Ellis, which Linnaeus 
had mixed with the Sertularia, to a separate generic rank — Cel - 
lularia. The claims of Taenia, Volvox, and Corallina to a place 
amongst zoophytes were disallowed, although he has described 
the species in an appendix, for he knew that Taenia properly 
belonged to the intestinal worms, and Volvox to the infusorial 
animalcules ; and he believed that Corallina was altogether of a 
vegetable nature. 
In the twelfth edition of the 44 Systema,” published in 1767, 
Linnaeus made no material improvements on his first system, but 
the errors relative to the Hydra and Pennatula are corrected, 
and the definitions in general are abridged and rendered less 
theoretical. To the Lithophyta he added the genus Cellepora — • 
44 corallium cellulis cavis — ^nd he followed Ellis and Pallas in 
now introducing the Sponges into his second order. In this we 
also find, for the first time, the genus Vorticella , which is near- 
ly synonymous with the Brachionus of Pallas ; the Flustra , which 
* Syst. Nat. p. 646, Halee Magdeburg. 1760. 
