26 
NATURE NOTES 
ramble in the neighbourhood of Bickley was carried out suc- 
cessfully on September 23, Mr. Wilkinson once more coming 
to our help. Chislehurst Common and the Town Court Woods 
were visited, and not even the rain which fell towards the end 
of the day prevented all from agreeing that it was an afternoon 
well spent. 
It will be remarked that five rambles have not been men- 
tioned. Of one of these, that on June 3, no report has been 
obtainable ; the other four have already been briefly noticed in 
the Magazine. One, however, demands special attention by 
reason of the exhaustive report which the guide, Mr. A. E. 
Bradley, has furnished. In this he names, and exactly describes 
the position of close upon 100 species of plants which were 
found and examined on the occasion of his ramble to Betch- 
worth and the Buckland Hills. For manifest reasons these are 
not here mentioned, but the list has been handed to the Honorary 
Librarian of the Society for safe keeping and can be inspected 
by any members specially interested. 
From this account, all will agree that the past season has 
been a most successful one. For this, those who arranged and 
conducted the several excursions are mainly responsible, and 
the best thanks not only of the Field Club but of the whole 
Society are due to them. It is much to be desired that these 
and others will come forward next season. Meanwhile, by 
supporting the Council of the Society in their new venture of 
winter monthly lectures and Saturday afternoon visits to indoor 
places of interest, new friendships will be strengthened, and a 
closer bond of fellow-feeling formed, which cannot but tend to 
increase the stability and usefulness of the Society. 
HOW SCENERY IS MADE. 
II. — Valleys and Gorges. 
N the first of this series of articles I considered how the 
broad, flat, alluvial plains are made, namely, by rivers 
bringing down sand, gravel, clay, &c., and distributing 
them over, sometimes, considerable areas. If we follow 
up the river to its several sources, we find that the valleys get 
more and more contracted until, if it be a mruntainous country, 
the river appears as a rapid torrent, now rushing along and 
dashing over huge boulders or falling in cascades. 
You can easily understand with what force — especially in rainy 
seasons — it can detach masses of rock and wear down softer 
materials, and so makes and continually deepens its own channel. 
The numerous river-gorges in Wales, which afford some of our 
most beautiful scenery, are largely due to the action of rivers ; 
though the origin of the depression, down which the water first 
began to run, may have had another cause. 
