HOW SCENERY IS MADE 
65 
there was in the country much microscope-power running to 
waste, that many owners of microscopes used them merely as 
toys, and lost many an opportunity of turning them to the 
advancement of science. Assuredly to-day the same may be 
said with reference to the photographic camera. The Messrs. 
Kearton and others have shown the way ; but what a small pro- 
portion do the really instructive negatives of living plants or 
animals, of microscopic slides, or of interesting geological sec- 
tions, bear to the “ snapshots ” of the merest transitory concern! 
By the kindness of Mr. Ernest Bell we are able to re-print from 
the Anhnah' Friend the two amateur photographs of hedgehogs, 
as an example of what might be done more often by the owners 
of cameras. 
HOW SCENERY IS MADE. 
IV.— Sand and Sand-Rocks. 
E have seen how sand is made, either on a beach or by 
rivers. If time be allowed, the accumulation, layer 
after layer, becomes solidified, and may form a great 
massive rock. Fresh sand is very incoherent, and 
requires some binding material to make a rock ; so that if iron- 
rust (oxide of iron) be present, this will cement the grains 
together. An old iron anchor which has lain at the bottom of 
the sea may sometimes be seen on a beach thickly covered with 
sand and pebbles cemented to it. Another common means of 
consolidating sand is lime. 
When sand has become sandstone, it is often red or yellow 
in colour. This is due to the presence of iron. It usually splits 
more or less readily, corresponding to the layers of which it was 
composed, and a feature sometimes seen is what is called “ ripple 
mark,” and even depressions made by raindrops. As the tide 
goes down it always leaves a rippled surface, and if a heavy 
shower of rain occur, the direction of it can be told by the 
circular indentations all being inclined in one way. Now, when 
sandstone rock is quarried, on the stones being split for making 
paving- or flag-stones for our streets, the ripple-mark sometimes 
reappears on the surface, though laid down, it may be, hundreds 
of thousands of years ago. Paving-stones can often be seen to 
flake off in patches showing several thin layers on the surface. 
These correspond with the successive layers of sand deposited at 
each tide. The present writer recalls an occasion when he saw 
a vertical and flat sandstone surface some 150 feet high, “ ripple- 
marked ” all over. It was in the Eifel district, west of the 
Rhine. Stone quarried at Horsham, in Sussex, and used in the 
villages around, often shows it. 
Hastings rock is composed of a pure white sandstone, and is 
