HOW SCENERY IS MADE 
113 
terret fights in a penny gaff has been discharged by the West 
London Magistrate because the wanton cruelty for which he was 
prosecuted w’as done to the rats and not to the ferret. The 
ordinary law as to cruelty protects only domestic animals, and 
whatever be the status of ferrets, rats are not to be considered 
as domesticated. But Mr. Lane properly described the show as 
‘ a brutal and demoralising display,’ and we are surprised that 
neither he nor the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to 
Animals should have remembered that a successful prosecution 
might have been instituted on other lines. By the 12 and 13 
Viet., cap. 92, sec. 3, ‘ Every one who keeps or uses, or permits 
to be kept or used, any room or place for baiting or fighting any 
bull, bear, badger, dog, cock, or other kind of animal, domestic 
or wild,’ commits an offence punishable b}' a fine of for every 
day on which the offence continues. A popular impression that 
the law is weak in regard to the wanton ill-treatment of creatures 
fercB natura renders it very desirable that the prosecution should 
be renewed.” 
HOW SCENERY IS MADE. 
VI. — Igneous Rocks. 
HE ordinary traveller, passing through Scotland and 
England, might go from John o’ Groats to the Land’s 
End and yet be quite unaware of having passed by, 
or even over, the site of many an ancient volcano. 
Nevertheless, they have existed in abundance through many 
geological epochs ; and the length of time from the present day 
to the period when the last great outburst occurred and poured 
out the basalt as lava, producing P'ingal’s Cave and the Giants’ 
Causeway, is not so great as that preceding it and the previous 
display. 
Volcanoes, as we know' them in existence now, may be 
exemplified by such as Vesuvius, Etna, or the extinct but 
still perfect ones in Central France or the Eiffel. Such once 
existed in England, but aerial and marine denudation has 
destroyed all visible signs of such cones, consisting of ashes 
thrown out around the orifice, and nothing but the “ cores ” 
are left, consisting of solid stumps or “ necks,” which, when 
they were molten, lay deep dowm beneath the surface. 
The scenery, therefore, of a volcanic country of to-day, so 
far as it is affected by conical mountains of lava, is totally 
different from that where nothing remains but these solid cores 
of the original vent. They are often covered with soil and 
clothed with grass, herbage or trees, and only reveal them- 
selves as more or less conical hills, such as the “ Knock,” in 
Ayrshire, and the hill of Penmaenmawr. If the rock itself be 
