70 
NATURE NOTES 
modern namesake, in the trees. It was not probably till late 
Tudor, or early Stuart times that our woodlands were considered 
as important as sources of timber for our navy ; but, though the 
advocacy of Evelyn perhaps did more for park arboriculture than 
for forest regeneration, this new aspect of forest administration 
did much during nearly three centuries — say from 1550 to 1850 
— to determine the management of Crown forests. We see the 
effects of this in the fine old woods both of the New Forest and 
of the Forest of Dean ; but during the same period woodlands 
which were not Crown property, such as the original Ashdown 
Forest, were practically cleared to furnish fuel for our ironworks 
when smelting with pit coal was unknown. 
{To be continued.) 
OBSERVATIONS FOR YOUNG BOTANISTS. 
IV. — Leaves and Stipules. 
IJMPLE AND Compound Leaves. — Leaves are either 
w simple, consisting of one blade only, or compound, 
J| i.e., having two or more distinct leaflets. Many leaves 
‘ have appendages at the base, called stipules, either free 
from the leaf-stalk as in the pea, or adherent to it as on the leaf 
of the rose. 
Compound leaves are derived from simple ones. Search 
over some blackberry bushes : simple leaves will be found near 
the flowers, then a three-lobed leaf may be seen, then a com- 
pound leaf of three distinct leaflets — this last may have the 
two lower leaflets lobed — then finally a leaf with five distinct 
leaflets will be found. A similar search should be made on plants 
of cinque-foil [Potentilla reptans), and leaves from one to seven 
leaflets may be discovered. 
Form. — The commonest form is a broad blade standing 
horizontally to get as much light as possible from the sky ; but ' 
when plants grow thickly, so that the leaves must be erect, they 
then acquire a narrow, grass-like form. It may be noticed how 
pinks, thrift, sedges and grasses have this kind, as the result of 
growing in a tufted manner. If the student have a microscope 
he would find that the breathing pores or stomates in these 
erect leaves are on both sides, and not only or mainly on the 
upper surface. 
Aquatic Leaves. — Submerged leaves take one of two forms: 
being either finely dissected, as those of the white-flowered 
water crowfoot {Ranunculus Jieterophyllus, &c.), water-violet 
{Hottonia paktstris), Myriophyllum, See. ; or else, a ribbon-like 
shape, as in mares’-tail {Hippuris vulgaris), and the arrow-head 
{Sagittaria sagittifolia). These forms are entirely due to the 
leaves being under water, as in this condition they ' grow 
