GOATS & SHEEP IN NORTHERN INDIA. 227 
is another goat of a reddish colour called “ Burburee” by the 
natives, and reared in the North-west Provinces. This group 
is very imposing in appearance, and the females also furnish an 
abundant supply of milk, but not so much as the Bengal variety 
referred to above. 
There is yet another race of goats, peculiar to the Jhelum 
district, and more especially to the village of Khali, in Chukwal- 
Tyseel of the Jhelum. The bucks of this breed have long and 
massive horns which sell in the markets of Peshawar for fabulous 
prices. This group may possibly be the “ Markhor ” of our 
naturalists. 
Last, but not least, is the celebrated Kashmir goat, which 
has long hair, is very stout and hardy, and admirably suited by 
nature to withstand the rigour of the climate, which is its natural 
home, for it has, in addition to this long outer hair, an inner wool 
or fleece next the skin which is called “ Pashmina ” from the 
Persian word “ Pashm,” wool, and from w'hich the best shawl 
wool is obtained. These goats are not actually bred and reared 
in Kashmir itself, for that valley would be too warm for them, 
and perhaps too damp, but they really come from the Tibetan 
Himala}fa. 
Mr. Barlow describes how valuable the hair of the goat is to 
the natives of India, for out of it they manufacture both stout 
rope and a fine cord, the latter being used specially for the lacing 
of their “ charpais ” or bedsteads. Excellent sacks, too, of sizes 
to suit the backs of camels, bullocks and mules, for the con- 
veyance of all kinds of merchandise, are also made from goats’ - 
hair, the black being preferred as more pliant and stronger. 
Like the Hebrews of old, who “ made curtains for their Tab- 
ernacle ” out of the hair of goats, so the natives of this part of 
India often use it for such like purposes. Of the skin they make 
capital leather, and dye it of several colours, but they fix usually 
upon red for the “uppers” of their women’s shoes, and for 
ornamenting their native saddlery. 
Perhaps one might say here that the animals that were first 
domesticated by man were probably goats and sheep. Abel 
was a keeper of sheep, and Moses herded the flock of his father- 
in-law ; indeed, the tending and feeding and guarding of these 
animals is referred to in the most ancient records that have 
come down to us. 
Collected as they must always naturally be in large flocks, 
they are at all times liable to outbreaks of murrain, and this is 
perhaps especially so in the localities I have referred to above, 
and in the Himalayas generally. 
To combat this disease, Mr. Barlow says the remedy with 
the natives is by inoculation, and there is always to be found in 
many villages a man known as the “ Augah,” meaning literally 
“ inoculator.” His process is, when a murrain breaks out, to 
take the flock to a distance from the village beyond the hearing 
of a dog’s bark, and then to remove the caul of the liver of an 
