IO 
NATURE NOTES 
easily seen in thegaliums, such as “ Cleavers.” If a thin section 
be cut out just above and below a node and held up to the 
light, the true leaves will be detected by having their cords 
issuing from the stem cylinder; but all the other “leaves,” 
really stipules, are provided for by the “ zone ” alone. 
The lime is a very interesting case. The small brown buds 
consist of stipular scales with rudimentary conduplicate leaves 
within them. This should be carefully studied in the spring, 
and I will here quote what I have elsewhere said about it.* As 
soon as the bud expands, while the inner stipules develop con- 
siderably, those on the upper side are concave and ovoid and cover 
the upturned edges of the conduplicate leaves, which at once take 
a position in a vertical plane; the stipules at the sides elongate 
much more than the former, furnishing some lateral protec- 
tion to the whole bud, which now curves strongly downwards 
and somewhat resembles a mussel in shape (fig. 4). As the bud 
continues to develop, the branch becomes more and more 
strongly curved downwards, so that the leaves are held vertically 
(figs. 5 and 6), and as the lower and older ones increase in size, 
they assume a horizontal position and undertake to protect the 
Fig. 4. 
The leaf-bud of the 
Fig. 5. 
Fig. 6. 
Lime in different Stages of Development. 
younger ones, which are concealed beneath them. Thus the 
protecting care is handed on to each leaf as it arrives at maturity, 
until the whole series is developed and the branch and leaves 
become horizontal. t 
Petiolar-Stipular Scales. — In the case of the rose the 
stipules are “ adnate ” or growing out of the petioles of the 
fully developed leaves, appearing like wings on the sides. Being 
at first placed face to face they protect the young bud nestling 
between them ; but as winter bud-scales they are very minute, 
possessing three points at the apex, which reveal their true 
* “ On Vernation and the Methods of Development of Foliage as Protective 
against Radiation. ''—Journ. Lin. Soe., vol. xxi., p. 624. 
t See some beautiful illustrations of the lime, beech, elm, &c., by Sir John 
Lubbock, in his paper on “ Buds and Stipules.” — Journ. Lin. Soe . , xxxiii. , parts 
12-15. 
