RE VIE IV. 
89 
the earth or wood into which they have retired. Sometimes 
this stage lasts as long as nine months, for a good many saw- 
flies are single-brooded and their larvae will be full fed and 
“go down” by July, and not re-appear till the April or May 
following. 
Our Trichiosoma is one of these. He starts life as a crescent- 
shaped green egg, embedded in a young leaf of hawthorn. 
When hatched he is a little whitish caterpillar with a big head 
and rather large black eyes. After his first moult he is covered 
with a white powder, which comes off when rubbed, disclosing a 
green, rather warty skin. He goes through several moults, 
feeding between whiles on hawthorn leaves. When about three- 
quarters grown he comes out green and warty without the 
powder, and so remains till full fed. Then he spins himself up 
in a stout cocoon fastened to a twig and waits till spring of the 
following year. After “ Blackthorn winter ” he will appear as a 
large grey four-winged fly, and the round of existence will start 
again. 
E. F. Chawner, F.E.S. 
REVIEW. 
Audubon and his Journals. By Maria R. Audubon. With notes 
by Dr. Elliott Coues, 2 vols., 8vo., with 37 illustrations and 
10 portraits. London: Nimmo, 1898. 
It seems a tardy tribute to the attainments of a great man to 
receive at the hands of a granddaughter, forty-seven years after 
his death (in 1851), the first adequate biography of John James 
Audubon, one of America’s most gifted naturalists. 
It is true that this is not the first biography of him which 
has been attempted; but since Buchanan’s Life of Audubon in 
1866 exhibited a strange misconception of his character, omitted 
from the diaries which were then accessible almost everything 
relating to birds, and, moreover, was written before the discovery 
of the long-lost “ Missouri and Labrador Journals,” it has little 
claim to consideration at the present day. We learn from Miss 
Audubon that some of the missing journals only came into her 
hands about twelve years ago, while the long-lost completion of 
the “ Missouri River Journals,” for which two generations had 
searched, came to light by an entire accident so lately as the 
summer of 1896, beneath a drawer of an old secretaire at which 
Audubon used, for many years, to write. In the hands of the 
present biographer these journals have formed the chief sources 
of information, verified and supplemented by letters and memo- 
randa diligently collected from all who could in any way aid the 
research. 
It is difficult to say which forms the more entertaining 
