REVIEWS AMP EXCHANGES 
•73 
their nests, we must exclude from myrmecophily : — (i) the use by ants of the 
excrement of Aphid*, or of certain secretions of the caterpillars of the Lycxnidx, 
animals which are sought after by ants but which on their side never in the 
ordinary way seek these latter. (2) The destruction of ants by myrmecophagous 
animals which do not live in the nests and may be considered simply as their 
enemies. (3) The introduction into the nests of the pup* of ants of a different 
species destined to furnish them with allies or slaves. (4) The mimicry of ants 
by divers insects which find a protection in their resemblance to such well-armed 
animals. 
“ The relations of the true myrmecophiles with their hosts may be classed under 
the following categories : parasitism, phoresis, myrmecoclepty, synechtry, synoecy, 
myrmecoxeny. 
“ I class as parasites those myrmecophiles which live on or in the holies of 
ants or their offspring and are nourished at the expense of the latter. 
“ The Phoresis of Lesne* comprises those cases in which the myrmecophile 
uses the ants in order to transport himself from one place to another. 
“ Myrmecoclepty comprises those cases in which the myrmecophile, in spite of 
the manifest hostility of the ant, comes surreptitiously in order to steal from him 
his stored-up food or his offspring, in order to devour them. 
“ The Synechtry of Wasmann is the case of those myrmecophilous beetles 
which live in ants’ nests and devour their inhabitants. The Syncccy or Symphily 
of Wasmann is the case of those myrmecophiles which, without having direct 
relations with ants, are tolerated by them and live in their nests, where they may 
find, not only such broken victuals as their hosts do not want themselves, but 
warmth, shelter, and indirectly, actual protection. 
“ The Myrmecoxeny of Emery is a true Symbiosis, f if one designates by this 
name the relations of two species which find a mutual advantage in their relation- 
ship. The myrmecoxenes are cared for and fed by their hosts, and provide these 
latter with secretions for which they seem extremely greedy.” 
Board of Agriculture Leaflets 41, 46, 47, 48, 49. 
We have received, through the courtesy of the Board, copies of their recently- 
issued leaflets on the Red Spider, or Spinning Mite, which attacks the hop, the 
Stem Eelworm, the Asparagus Beetle, the l’ea Thrips, and the Fruit-Tree Beetle. 
These leaflets not only describe the life-history of these pests but also methods of 
prevention and remedies ; and it cannot be too widely known to cultivators that 
copies of any of them may be obtained free of charge and post free on application 
to the Secretary, Board of Agriculture, 4, Whitehall Place, London, S.W., letters 
of application so addressed not requiring to be stamped. Every village school- 
master should procure them. 
Year-book of the United StaUs Department of Agriculture, 1897 . 
It is obviously impossible in the little space at our command to do anything 
like justice to an encyclopxdic volume of nearly 800 pages — illustrated, besides 
woodcuts, by forty plates, many of which are triumphs ol chromo-lithography — 
which the United States Government, with its usual liberality, sends to every one 
interested. Besides full statistics of the crops of the country, reports on the 
work done by the numerous divisions of the Department during the year, and 
many other papers, we notice one on “ Popular Education for the Farmer,” 
suggesting nature-teaching in rural schools ; another on “ Every Farm an Experi- 
ment Station;” one, illustrated with coloured plates of varieties of European 
* Transport mutuel chez les animaux articules : Bull. Soc. Ent. de France , 
1896, vol. xlv., p. 162. 
t If one thus restricts the word Symbiosis to the special case where there is a 
known reciprocal advantage which may go so far as to be a sine qud non condition 
of existence for one or even for both the two species concerned, it becomes useful 
to have another term such as hamabiosis for the very general case of two species 
living normally side by side for any motive whatever, and with or without 
one-sided advantage or known reciprocity. Myrmecophily would then be the 
case of hamabiosis in which a species of animal seeks an ant ; and myrmecoxeny 
the case of symbiosis in which one of the two beings concerned is an ant. 
