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Clovers : ( Trif oliiim spp.). 
Mustards : Ball ( Nesli a paniculata ), tumbling (Norta altissima ), 
hedge ( Erysimum off icinali ) , and tansy ( Sophia incisa ) . 
Other hosts are peppergrass ( Lepidium spp.)» chickweed ( Stellaria 
media ) , pigweed or goosefoot ( Chenopodium spp.). dock (R umex spp.). mare's- 
tail ( Leptilon canaden se) , goldenrod ( Solidago ) , sticktight ( Eidens spp.), 
cocklebur ( Xanthium ) , ragweed ( Ambrosia spp.), sowthistle (Sonchus spp.), 
wild lettuce ( Lactuca spp.), dandelion ( Leontodon spp.), plantain ( plant ago 
spp.), Solanum spp., Verben a spp., dodder ( Cuts cut a spp.), and Mallow spp. 
4. Tall-grass prairies — 
(a) Blue stem sod: All of Iowa, southern and western Minnesota, the 
extreme eastern part of the Dakotas, and Nebraska. Principal grasses are big 
bluestem ( Andropogon furcatus ) , little bluestcm (A. scoparius ) , Indian grass 
( Sorghastrum nutans )', 'some buffalo grass ( Buchloe dactyloides ) , and, side- oats 
grama ( Bouteloua cn rfripendnla ) in the western portion of the area, also quack- 
grass. 
(b) Needlegrass; sl e nder wheatgrass : Just west of bluestem sod area 
in the eastern part of the Dakotas and Nebraska. Principal grasses are 
needlegrass ( Stipa s parte a) , slender wheatgrass (Agropyron pauclflorura) , 
Indian grass, buffalo grass, side-oats grama, and others. 
Other plants in the tall-grass prairie areas are lambsquarters 
( Chenop odium ); marsh-elder ( Iva xanthifolia ) , frenchweed ( Thlaspi arvense ), 
peppergrass ( Lepidium ) , small and giant ragweed ( Jnorosia artemisifolia and 
A. trif ida ) , wild lettuce ( Lactuca ) , wild licorice ( C-lycyrrhiza lepidota ) , 
smartweed ( Polygonum ) , goldenrod ( Solidago ) , gumweed ( Grindelia squarrosa) , 
sweetclover (M eli lotus ) , Canada thistle ( Cirsium arvense ) , dandelion 
( Leontodon ) , and nare's-tail ( Leptilon canadense ) . 
Along water courses and in gullies are the following important trees 
and shrubs: Elm ( Ulnus ) , ash ( Eraxinus ) , boxelder ( Acer negundo ) , and oak 
( Que reus macrocarpa ) , Populus, chokecherry ( Prunus virginiana ) , buckbrush 
( Symphori carpus racemosus ) , Juneberry ( Anelanchier canadensis ) , roses (Rosa), 
currants and gooseberries ( Ribes ) , and hawthorn (Cra taegus ) . 
(c) Sandsage ; sandgras s : Central Nebraska, Artemisia filifolia and 
Calamovilfa longi folia . 
5. Short-grass, or plains grassland . 
(a) Grama grass and western nee d legrass: Western North Dakota, part 
of eastern and extreme northeastern Montana, just east of the Missouri River 
and north of Moreau River in South Dakota. Principal grasses are grama 
( Bouteloua gracilis ), western needlegrass ( Stipa comata ) , junegrass (Koeleria 
cristata ) , and buffalo grass ( Buchloe dactyloides ). Other important plants 
are purple conef lower ( Echinacea angustifolia ) , silvery psorale (P so rale a 
argophylla ) , sage ( Artemisia spp.), and many of the plants from the tall- 
grass area. 
