202 SOME NOTES ON THE EAELY HOMINID^E 
Pithecanthropus as a man with marked simian tendencies, 
while others look upon him as an ape with some human 
characters. Dr. Dubois’ conclusion is that it represents 
a stage midway between the anthropoid apes and man. 
Professor Cunningham notes a marked resemblance to the 
Gibbon, and Professor Schwalbe is also on the side of the 
apes. 
A plaster cast of the internal surface of the calotte shows 
approximately what would have been the general form of 
the brain. The speech area of the brain is situated in the 
inferior frontal gyrus or Broca’s area. Measurement of this 
area in the case of Pithecanthropus shows that it is twice as 
large as in the higher apes, and about half the size of that 
in normal man. It is more than probable that this first man 
was capable of a rudimentary form of speech. 
Dr. Dubois made very careful measurements of the 
capacity of the calvarium ; according to him the cranial 
cavity had a capacity of 850 c.c. The cranial capacity of the 
highest apes never exceeds, if it ever reaches, 600 c.c. 
In a normal human being it never falls below 880 c.c. The 
average of these figures is 740 c.c., and this should represent 
the capacity of Pithecanthropus, supposing his position to be 
intermediate between the highest ape and normal man. Pithec- 
anthropus, however, exceeds this by 110 c.c., and for this, the 
highest of all reasons, must be included in the human race. 
He has laboriously climbed far up the ladder, and few steps 
only lie between him and the dignity of Homo sapiens. 
Some anatomists describe the remains as more pre-human 
than human ; but at present nobody denies that they present 
a form intermediate between man and the generalised simian 
prototype. These remains do not for a moment bridge over 
the gap between man and the gorilla, but they form a true 
link, connecting man to the common stock from which all 
have diverged. That great authority, Manouvrier, states that 
Homo Javanensis maintained the erect posture, and with this 
attitude comes the differentiation of the extremities into 
hands and feet, which is a human characteristic of the first 
magnitude. The diagram (Fig. 2) shows the position of 
Pithecanthropus as intermediate between the chimpanzee and 
