284 
MIGRATION OF BIRDS 
to March, whilst they pass through Egypt in August and again 
in March and April, and are then usually in flocks composed 
of all males or all females. 
41. The European Bee-eater ( Merops apiaster ). — A few 
appear in spring in England, but do not breed. Found nesting 
in Southern Europe and islands of Mediterranean and North 
Africa. Migrates south in large numbers, appearing here in 
September, and remaining in more or less constant numbers 
until April and early May. 
This species migrates to Cape Colony, where it is said to 
breed. This is doubtful. 
42. The European Hoopoe ( Upupa epops) has been re- 
corded from this country between October and March, and 
some specimens have been taken in July and August. 
The majority of Hoopoes seen here belong to the African 
forms. It is a passage migrant to England, and has bred, but 
its regular nesting areas are in Southern Europe, Western 
Siberia, and Turkestan. 
43. The European Roller ( Coracias garrulus ). — In Eng- 
land it occurs chiefly as an autumn vagrant, but sometimes is 
seen in spring. Nests in Europe from Central Russia to the 
Mediterranean, and winters in tropical and South Africa, 
passing south in October and northward in March. It is a 
common migrant to these parts. 
44. The European Wryneck {lynx torquilla) inhabits 
Europe in the summer and winters in tropical Africa. A typical 
specimen was collected by the Cozens-Lowe Expedition in 
February. 
45. The European Cuckoo [Cuculus canorus ) has been re- 
corded as arriving in England in late March, but most arrive 
in April, and adults leave in August to be followed by the 
young in September and October. From Uganda we have 
collected this species from July to February, and on East 
Elgon in May. 
46. The Great Spotted Cuckoo {Coccystes glandarius) is a 
resident species in Africa, but numbers increased with migrants 
from north. 
47. The Black- winged Stilt [Himantopus candidus), 
although a resident and breeding species in this country, is 
