440 
DISCURSIVE NOTES ON THE 
That there have been important earth-movements in the 
country in recent geological times is clear from the general 
topographic evidence. The narrowness of the valleys, the 
abundance of waterfalls and rapids, and the direct leap of 
tributaries from hanging valleys into the main river are all 
indications that the country has a young topography and 
that the rivers have not had time to cut down their beds 
since the last uplift. 
That the modern earth-movements extend to the coast 
is shown by the raised coral reefs which have been uplifted 
in recent geological times, and, as shown by Mr. Hobley, by 
successive steps. Hence the crustal disturbances of British 
East Africa still affect the coastlands, the foundering of whose 
former eastward extension to India initiated the eruptions 
and earth-movements to which the country owes its chief 
features of geological interest. 
DISCURSIVE NOTES ON THE FOSSORIAL 
HYMENOPTERA 
By G. D. Hale Carpenter, M.B.E., D.M., E.E.S., F.Z.S., 
Uganda Medical Service 
Fossorial , because they dig ! Hymeno'ptera, because they 
belong to the great group of insects characterised by the 
firm linking together of the anterior and posterior wings on 
each side. 
Popularly, ‘ sand-wasps ’ — this is not a bad name, more 
especially if applied to the Bembecidce, which do look something 
like an ordinary wasp and do burrow in sand rather than 
other kinds of earth. Properly speaking, however, the Fossors 
are not true wasps, in the sense that our black and yellow 
common or garden wasp is. Anatomically, they are dis- 
tinguished by the forewing not being folded. In a true w r asp, 
when it alights, the forewing is folded on a longitudinal 
crease, so that the wings appear only of half their true width : 
