6p8 Mr. WlLLOV 
Second Urn, the Names of all the lower Rank of No- 
that have not the Title of Dons % in the Third, 
the Names of all rich Citizens that are not Gentlemen : 
They mull have at lead four hundred Crowns yearly 
Kent, befides what their Wives bring. Befides thefe, 
there is a Rationel and two Syndics changed every third 
Year, fix Advocates for their Lives, and forty Ple- 
beians changed yearly. The City being divided into 
fifteen Trades or Companies, each Company chufes 
two, which make thirty j the other ten are chofen, 
two by the Rationel, and eight by the fix Jurats, and 
two Syndics, each chufing one. Of all thefe Officers 
and the Forty Plebeians confifts the Senate. But no- 
thing can be done, unlefs there be Twenty-nine of the 
Plebeians prefent at lead. There is alfo, i. a Judge 
for criminal Caufes, taken by Turns out of the three 
Urns, and changed yearly. He hath an Advocate to 
affid him, who is changed yearly, but fo that all the 
Advocates in the City have the Place by Turns : And 
a Lieutenant Criminal taken by Lot out of the Forty 
Plebeians'. 2. A Mujiafa, who has the Care of all 
Kind of Vitduals, Corn, Weights, Meafures, Cfr. He 
is taken by Lot out of the three Burfes, as the Criminal 
Judge is, and hath alfo a Lieutenant out of the Forty. 
There is befides, a Judge for Civil Caufes, talcen out 
of the three Burfes, who has an Advocate like the Cri- 
minal Judge : But he cannot decide Caufes of above 
fifteen Crowns. 
The Univerfity is govern’d by the Town, who every 
third Year chufe a Re 51 or that mud be a Canon. The 
other Officers are, a Beadle, a Serjeant and a Punta- 
dore, who is to take Notice when any Profeffor fails to 
read. There are eight Prspofiti in this Univerfity, four 
for Divinity, two for the Canon Law, and two for 
the Civil Law, who have each 500 Crowns yearly. 
There are alfo four Readers for Philofophy, feven for 
Phyfick, one for the Greek Tongue, one for the He- 
Irew., and two for the Mathematicks. Thefe have but 
fmall Stipends \ but all their Scholars, who come to 
hear their Leffures, pay fomewhat yearly. If a Pro- 
fefifor promote three rich Scholars, that are able to 
pay the Fees to any Degree, he may promote a Fourth 
that is poor for nothing. The Degrees are the fame 
with thofe in our Univerfities, vix. i. Batchelor after 
they have finifhed a Courfe in Philofophy \ which De- 
gree cods about twelve Crowns. 2. Mader of Arts, 
which cods eighty. 3. Batchelor in Divinity, Law or 
Phyfick, which cods fixteen. 4. Dodor, which cods 
one hundred and fifty. They may be Maders of Arts 
prefently after they are Batchelors, if they will ; and in 
like Manner Dodtors. In the Market at Valence., and 
all Spain over, they divide Hens and Chickens into 
Pieces, and tell them by Qiiarters •, they make great 
Vedels of Goat Skins to put Wine and Oil in ; and 
ieffer Bottles, which they call Boto’s. The Women 
paint, laying it on fo thick, as if one daubed Minium 
upon a Wall, No Garrifon nor Soldier here. 
7. Sept. 24. We fet out from Valence., and paffing by 
MafaneJje^ Cataregi and Seille, and lodged at Mujfafes, 
three Leagues. Coming out of Valence, we were forced 
to give Money at three Places to avoid Searching. We 
paired Cullera where we ferried over a great River, 
called Xucar, and lay at Gandia. There is a College 
and an Univerfity, as appears by this infeription upon 
the Wall of the Sandhis Francifeus d Borgia Dux 
Gandia, 4, Preepefitus generalis Societatis Jefu 3, hoc 
Collegium G? hanc Unherfttatem a fundamentis erexit. 
A. D. 1546. At Cullera the Wine fird began to be 
fweet, and three Leagues off at Gandia the Plantations 
of Sugar Canes began. ^ Whether the Nature of the 
Soil that was fit to nourifli the Sugar Canes did not 
alfo contribute to the Sweetnef^ of the Grapes ? At 
Gandia we fird found Raifins of the Sun (as they are 
called in England j) in Spain they call this kind Panfas, 
and they feem to be the Duracina of the Ancients. 
They are all white, round and have a tougher Skin 
than other Grapes. They gather them when fully ripe, 
and dip them in a boiling Lixivium of Water and 
Allies, jud dipping them in, and taking them out again, 
and then dry them upon Boards in the Sun, taking 
G B B y’j Travels hook II. 
them in by Night, or in foul Weather. The Name 
Raifin comes from Racemus. Figs are dried jud as they 
are gathered not being dipp’d in any Lixivium. ^ 
On the 26th, I went to Olives where and at Gandia^ 
are the Engines for Sugar Worlcs ; the bed are at Olivel. 
By the Way we faw the Sugar Canes growing in fe- 
deral Places. They are planted in' low wet Grounds 
well mucked and dreffed, divided into the Beds of 
Hillocks and Furrows. They cut the Canes clofe to the 
Roots in November and December, and cutting off the 
flender Tops, which afford no good Juice, keep them' 
under Ground till March, and then prick them into 
thefe Hillocks or Beds. Out of every Talea Or Cut ' 
ffioot four, five or fix Canes, which will be ripe the 
next December. The Knots or Joints of the Cane at 
the Bottom are very clofe together, fcarce an Inch 
afunder ; but upwards the Didance is more, as the Cane 
grows flenderer. Within is a white Pulp or Pith, full 
of Sap fweet as Honey. They fell them"' at Gandia to 
eat, and cutting them into Pieces jud in the Middle 
between two Knots, fuck the Pieces, at both Ends : To 
make Sugar after Canes are cleanfed from the Tops 
and Leaves, and cut into Pieces they are fird bruifed, 
either with a perpendicular Stone, running round as 
Apples to make Cyder, or Olives to make Oil, or be- 
tween two Axes drongly capp’d with Iron, horizontally 
placed, and turned contrary Ways, and then preffed, 
as Grapes or Olives are. The Juice thus preffed out 
is boiled in three feveral Cauldrons one after another. 
In the third Cauldron it becomes thick and black, 
and is then put into conical Pots, which at the Bottom 
have a little Hole dopped only with coarfe and foul 
Sugar ■, Mr. Ligon faith, with Hantain Leaves. Thefe 
Pots are covered, when full, with a Cake of Pafte 
made of a kind of Earth call’d in Spanijh, Gritty, and 
found near Olives, which is good to take Spots out of 
Clothes ; which Cap or Cover finks as the Sugar finks. 
Mr. Swift told me, that the Clay they ufe with us is To- 
bacco-Pipe Clay, or very like it, and that the Water 
in the Clay ferved to wafh down and carry away the 
Molojes, at leaf: the Clay helps the Separation and Pre- 
cipitation of it. Thefe conical Pots are put into other 
Pots, into which by the Hole at the Vertex, the Juice 
drains down through the coarfe Sugar at the Bottom. 
It drains fo for five or fix Months, in which Time the 
Sugar in the conical Pots grows hard and white, all the 
Juice being either drunk up by the Lute or run out by 
the Hole at the Vertex. The Juice is boiled again fo 
long as it is good for any thing, but at laft it makes 
only a foul red Sugar, that will never be better. The 
conical Loaves of Sugar, after they are taken out, are 
fet to drain over the fame Pots for fourteen or fifteen 
Days. To make the Sugar more white they mull boil 
it again, but about one Sixth is loft every Time. A 
Pound of Sugar of twelve Ounces is fold at Olives for 
three Sous and a half, refined for five or fix Sous. The 
Sugar Juice is ftrained through Strainers of Linnen, 
it is put out of one Cauldron into another. They 
take it out of the firft and fecond Cauldrons fo foon 
as it begins to boil, but in the third Cauldron they Jet 
it boil till the Scum rifes, and then take off only the 
Scum with a Scummer, and put it into a long Trough 
to cool, and when it is cool, put it into the conical 
Pots. One Scum rifes after another in the third Caul- 
dron. The Scum when it is taken off is white, but 
turns to a black Liquor in the Trough. They never 
refine the Sugar more than three or four Times. They 
ufe for the refining of it. Whites of Eggs, putting in 
two or three Dozen into a Cauldron. They ufe but; 
one Cauldron for refining. When it is refined it grows 
white and hard in nine or ten Days. The Juice boiled 
up is eaten with Bread toafted as Honey ; the Juice of 
the refined Sugar is much better than the firft Juice. 
The Duke of Gandia fends Prefents of this refined Juice 
to the Queen of Spain. When they refine it they put 
a little Water into the Cauldrons, to diffolve it the bet- 
ter. But for a more exad Defeription of the whole 
Procefs of the Sugar Works, I refer to Pifo in his na- 
tural Hiftory of Brajil and Ligon, in his Defeription of 
Barbadoes, The Sugar of Olives, is better than the 
Sugar 
