chap. V. and T)eJcription 
that of all other ^Tations they have put the longed 
Stop to the vidorious Arms of the Turks ; and had it 
not been for their inteftine Divifions^ v^hich the Turks 
have known very well how to improve to their Advan- 
tage, it is more than probable the Ottomans would ne- 
ver have been able to penetrate fo deep into this Coun- 
try as they have done i notwithftanding which, a very 
confiderable Part thereof remains to this Day under 
the Emperor’s Jurifdidion as King of Hungary^ viz. 
almod all Upper Hungary., from Presburgh unto Tockay 
and Zathmar ; and in the Lower Hungary there are dill 
in the Pofleffion of the Chriftians, (befides divers other 
Places of Note) the three ftrong Bulwarks of Chriften- 
dom, viz. Raah, Gomorrah, and Leopoldjladt, of which I 
took a full View, the laft being ereded (ince the Lofs 
oi Newhaufel, and fortified after the fame Manner. It 
is feated on the Weft-fide of the River JVaag oppofite 
to FriePtadt •, its Fortifications, which were begun in 
1665, confifi: of fix regular Baftions and Ravelins, and 
were not quite finifhed in 1669, when I was there, 
10. Thefe Quarters are famous in ancient Hiftories 
for the Prefence, Birth, Death, and great Adions of 
many Roman Emperors ; not to fpeak here of Trajan, 
Caracalla, Galienus, Conftantius, and others the Em- 
,perors Aurelianus, Probus, Gratianus, and Mammianus, 
had Sirmium for their Birth-places ; and Claudius Gothi- 
cus died in or near it. Jovianus and Valentinianus 
were Pannonians by Birth, and Ingenuus, Governor of 
Tannonia, was faluted Emperor by the Mafian Legions, 
as was Vetranio in the fame Country. When Photinus 
was Bifhop of Sirmium, a General Council was held in 
that Place. The Roman Armies being fo frequent in 
this Country, no doubt but they brought Abundance of 
their Copper, Silver, and Gold Coin hither, of which 
I obtained a good Number at Peironel, of old Carnun- 
turn in Pannonia, and with many more at Sene, or Senia, 
near the Danube. An Arfnenian Merchant, with whom 
I lodged at Belgrade, furnifhed me with a good Quan- 
tity of Roman Coins at my Return, which he had got 
at Old Buda or Sicamhria, at Old Sirmium, in the Coun- 
try now called Schremnia, and at Murfa or Ejfeck. 
11. Near Deva, Lyfmachus King of Macedon and 
Thrace, is fuppofed to have kept his Court, in the 
Neighbourhood of which that unparallel’d Mafs of 
ancient Golden Coins was 'found, under the Ruins of an 
ancient Caftle : For a ftrong Current of Water having 
been forced that Way by long continued Rains, which 
walked away the Rubbiflh that had covered thofe Gol- 
den Medals, and the Glance of this coftly Metal ha- 
ving drawn thither many of the neighbouring Peafants, 
they difeovered thefe Medals, weighing two and three 
Crowns a-piece, having on one Side the Image of Ly- 
fimachus, and on the other Side a Vidlory ; under thefe 
Medals they alfo found a Golden Serpent, which Ge- 
neral Caftalde fent unto Ferdinand, who had alfo 1000 
of thefe Medals, befides 300 Cajialde had for his Share ; 
of which there were colledted, (after the Peafants had 
taken up a vaft Quantity) to the Value of io,oco /. So 
that there was fcarce a Man found hereabouts, but what 
had fome of them, fo infinite was the Sum. This 
Caflle was fuppofed to have been lome Time the Refi- 
dence o{Yd\x\^Lyfimachus, and. this Coin remained here 
from that Time •, it being a received Cuftom among 
the Ancients, for, fuch as buried their Treafure, to place 
Serpents there, as the Symbol of a faithful Keeper. A- 
mong other Medals, there were alfo found two Medals of 
Gold, one of Hinus, the other of Semiramis, which 
were prefented to the Emperor Charles the Fifth. As 
I pafs’d through the old Roman Towns, the Inhabitants 
brought me feveral Sorts of old Coins, which they term 
Heathen-Money \ and in Bofnia and Servia the Arme- 
nians drive a great Trade v/ith them, and fend them by 
the Way of Ragufa into Italy. Among other Coins I 
found one of Copper pretty frequent here, but not eafi- 
ly found in other Parts. It was a Coin of the Emperor 
Julius Philippus, having on one Side the Head of Phi- 
lippus, with this Inferipdon, IMP. C. M. JUL. PHI- 
LIPPUS. AUG. and on the Reverfe a Woman be- 
tween a Lion and a Bull, with this infeription, P. M. S. 
COL. VIM. AN, VII. which may be j Provincia 
(9^ Hungary. 763 
Jt^ Superioris Colonia Viminacium Annona Septimb data i . 
Viminacium being a Roman Colony in Mcejia Superio?-^ 
(now Servia) fuppofed to be Singidunum or Senderin 
upon the Danube, at the Mouth of the River Morava 
or Marojlo. The -Lion and Bull feem to declare the 
Fitnefs of the Soil for Agriculture, and the Warlike 
Temper of the People, and by thefe two Animals fit- 
ting peaceably together, the Prudence of Philippus. 
Annona Septma, queltionlefs, intimated the feventh Bif- 
tribuLion of Corn by Philippus, the conducing of which 
was committed to the Legio XVI. Frumentaria. 
12. The Habit of an Hungarian, for its Conveniency^ 
efpecially in Warlike Exercifes on Horfe-back, is made 
Ule of by all the neighbouring Nations, as the Croatiansi 
Sclavonians, and the Turks themfelves, living near the 
Frontiers, though otherwife very nice in this Point. 
1 he Hungarians delight generally in Bi ue, Yellow, 
Green, and Purple Cloth, Black being a Colour rarely 
to be met with here, the Priefts themfelves being clad 
in long purple Garments. Two Sorts of Weapons are 
moft common among the Hungarians, viz. a Kind of 
Iron Mace, called Cat/han by them, with a round Iron 
Head, with Furrows in it, and Spaces cut away to ren« 
der it the more light; the other they c?d\Balta, being 
a Kind of a Hatcher, with a Head fomewhat like a 
Hammer, but broader, and at the End makes the 
Shape of the Letter Delta. 
13. The Country of Tranfilvania w'as formerly a Part 
of the Kingdom of Hungary ; but as I propofe to give 
only a fummary Account of the Place and its Inhabitants, 
I fliall not meddle with its ancient Hiftory. It is 
bounded on the North by the Carpathian Mountains, on 
the South by the Principality of pFalachia, on the Eaft 
by kValachid and Moldavia, and on the Weft by the 
Kingdom of Hungary. I believe there is no Country in 
the World fo nearly equal in Length and Breadth, each 
being about one hundred and forty Englijh Miles, it 
may be very truly ftiled a Country of Wonders ; for to 
Travellers, who have feen the reft of Europe, it appears 
altogether aftonifhing. The Air is temperate, and, ge- 
nerally fpeaking, wholfome, the Soil wonderfully fruit- 
ful, the Water commonly but indifferent, as being fre- 
quently tindlured with Minerals, or, which is worfe, 
with Allom or Arfnic. There run through it four 
great Rivers, viz. the Marifeus and the Samos, both 
which fall into the great River Theyjfe, the Aluta, which 
difeharges itfelf into the Danube, and the Chryfa, which 
the Germans call the Krufeh from its Windings, in which, 
I verily believe, it exceeds the Meander itfelf, for one is 
obliged to pafs it thirty Times in half the Number of 
Miles. 
I'he Country is finely chequered with Woods and 
Plains, Mountains and Vallies : There are many ftrono- 
Pafies in it, and fome of its Cities are naturally fo 
well feated, that with the Help of very fimall Improve- 
ments from Art, they might be rendered impradticable. 
To fpeak of its Plenty, is a Theme that might exercife 
the ableft Pen ; for it is extremely difficult to know 
where to begin, or when to leave off. The Wheat that 
grows here is the faireft and fineft in Europe, and fo 
cheap, that, with refpedt to the Subfiftance of an Indi- 
vidual, it has hardly any Value : The Oxen in this 
Country are large, fat and fine, and their Fleffi won- 
derfully juicy and pleafant ; yet I queftion whether one 
of them was ever fold for an Englijh Guinea, but frorri 
twelve to fifteen Shillings is the common Price j and 
yet, if I may be allowed the Expreffion, they are the 
Staple Commodity of the Country, and ,are bought up 
for the Aujlrian and other Markets. They want not 
any other Kind of Cattle ; and as for Hogs, they go in 
Droves like Sheep, are prodigioufly fat, firm and well 
tailed ; fo that the Bacon of this Country is truly ex- 
cellent. All Kind of tame Fowl are here both cheap 
and good ; as for wild, they are fo common and in 
fuch Plenty, that they fcarce bear any Price at all. Fifli 
are not fold mTranfylvania, nor are you much troubled 
with the Sight of them, every Man, poor or rich, fifties 
where he pleafes, and with what Inftrument he pleafes ; 
if he takes more than will ferve for a Meal, he throws 
them in again after chufing the largeft and the beft, for 
