Chap. I. to the Kn T. 839 
the higheft a hundred. Thofe who. come from Ichog- 
Ians generally begin with twenty or thirty, which are 
increafed according to their Merit or the Interefb of 
their Friends. In Time of War all the Spahi’s in Pay, 
who bring in Heads of the Enemy, are advanced two 
Afpers a Day ; and they who firfl; acquaint the Sukan 
with the Death of any of their Comrades, are raifed 
as much. The Spahi’s are paid in the Hall, and in 
she Prefence of the Grand Vizier or his Chiaia, in order 
to avoid all Occafion of Complaint. 
Though the Spahi’s are born of unknown Parentage, 
they may yet be looked on as the Nobility of the Coun- 
try i their Education makes them more accomplifhed 
than the other Turks ^ and in every Place good Manners 
ought to conftitute a real and true Nobility. Thofe of 
the Red Standard were heretofore only Servitors to the 
Yellow ; but now they are all equal, and the Red have 
even ..overtopt under Mahomet III. who in a Battle in 
v/hich the Spahi’s of the Yellow gave Ground and 
fled-, reftored the Fight by the Valour of the Red. The 
Arms of both are a I.ance and a Scymiter, and they 
make Ufe of a Dart, which they manage with wonder- 
ful Dexterity, and the Dart has a Steel Point at one End, 
and IS about two Foot and a half long. They alfo 
carry a Sword, but it is faften’d to the Saddle, and 
hangs down upon the Horfes Thigh, fo as not to hin- 
der them in difcharging their Piftol and Carbine. Some 
likewife ufe Bows and Arrows, efpecially the Spahi’s of 
Anatolia *, for thofe of Europe or Romelia rather chufe 
the Arms in Ufe with us. Thefe Troops, however, 
fight without Order and in a Crowd, inftead of throw- 
ing themfelves into Squadrons, and rallying regularly. 
Mahomet Kuperli the Grand Vizier, who was a great 
General, was fo far from bringing them to Difcipline, 
that he afledled to humble them and keep them igno- 
rant, for Fear of increafing their Infolence, fince which 
Time they have extremely loft their ancient Reputation. 
They baftinade them now on the Soles of the Feet, left, 
if they fcourged them, they fhould be difabled from 
mounting their Horfe *, and for a contrary Reafon the 
'Janizaries are fcourged, becaufe they are obliged to ufe 
their Feet in marching. When the Grand Signior goes 
to command his Army in Perfon, he caufes large Sums 
to be divided among the Spahi’s. One Spahi and a Ja- 
nizary are placed Gentries at each Cord of his Tent, 
and the fame at the chief Vizier’s. The other Standards 
of the Spahi’s are the White, the White and Red, the 
White and Yellow, and the Green. The moft famous 
Spahi’s are thofe called Mutafaraca^ who receive forty 
Afpers a Day. The Emperor is their Colonel their 
Duty is to attend upon him : They are about five 
hundred. 
As to the other Cavalry, called Zaims and Tamariots^ 
they are Perfons to whom the Grand Signior gives cer- 
tain Commands, term’d Timar^ for Life, on Condition 
they maintain fuch a Number of Horfe for his Service. 
The firft Sultans, being Mafters of the Fiefs of the Em- 
pire, eredled Baronies or Commands out of them, to 
reward any extraordinary Services, and principally for 
raifing and fubfifting a Body of Troops without ifluing 
Money. But it was Solyman II. who eftablilhed the 
Order and Difcipline of thefe Baronies, and fettled by 
his Decrees the Number of Men each one ftiould be 
obliged to find. This Body has been not only very 
powerful, but very celebrated alfo through the whole 
Empire. But Avarice, the common Vice of the Eaft, 
has made them decline feveral Years ago. The Vice- 
roys and Governors of Provinces prevail fo far by their 
Intrigues at Court, that even the Commands which lie 
out of their Government are given to their Domefticks, 
or to them who offer the moft Money. The Zaims 
and the Timariots differ little more than in their In- 
come. The Zaims have the moft confiderable Com- 
mands, and their Revenues make from 20,000 to 
818,819 Afpers. If they produce even an Afper 
above this, it becomes the Property of fome Bafha. 
Alfo when a Commander dies, his Command is divi- 
ded, fuppofing the Income of it has been augmented 
under the Deceafed, as it commonly happens to be, 
for they are generally improved rather than leffened. 
The Zaims are obliged to maintain at leaft four Horfe, 
which is after the Rate of one Man for 5000 Afpers of 
Rent. There are two Sorts of Tamariots^ the one receive 
their Provifions from the Port, the other from the Viceroy 
of the Place ; but their Equipages are lefs than thofe of 
the Zaims ^ and their Tents are fmaller and proportion- 
ed to their Revenue. I'hey who receive their Patents 
from the Court, have from 5 or 6000. to 19,999 Af- 
pers ; if they fhould receive one Afper more, they 
would pafs into the Rank of Zaims. They who have 
their Patents from the Viceroys, have an Income from 
3000 Afpers to fix thoufand. Every 'Timariot is bound 
to provide one Horfeman for every 3000 Afpers his 
Income produces. The Zaims. and Timariots are obli- 
ged to march in Perfon to the Army on the firft Orders, 
and nothing can excufe them. The Indifpofed are car- 
ried in Litters, and their Children in Baskets and Cra- 
dles. The Timariots muft furnifli Baskets to their Troop- 
ers, to carry Earth for filling up Ditches and Trenches. 
Thefe are better difeiplined than thofe who are properly 
called the Spahi^s., though the Spahi's are more perfo- 
nable and lufty ; and whereas the laft never engage but 
in a Crowd at the Head of the ancient Cavalry, the 
Zaims and Timariots are divided into Regiments, com- 
manded by Colonels under the Balha’s. The Bafha of 
Aleppo is Colonel General of this Body of Horfe when 
he is in the Army, becaufe being Seraskier of the Army 
by his Place, it belongs to him to command in Chief 
during the Abfence of the Grand Vizier. 
It is not ftrange that the Turks are fo weak at Sea, 
becaufe they want good Mariners, skilful Pilots, and 
experienced Officers, The Pilots of the Grand Signior 
fcarcely know how to ufe the Compals, and thofe of the 
Saicks, which are their Merchant-fhips, certainly un- 
derhand Nothing of it. They fteer by their Know- 
ledge of the Coafts, which is very erroneous, and they 
generally truft themfelves in long Voyages, as to Syria 
and Eppt., to Greeks who have run the Courfe with 
Chrijiian Privateers, and have got the Track of the 
Countries of Afia and Africa by Rote. However if 
the Turks would apply themfelves to Navigation, they 
would eafily become Mafters of the Mediterranean^ and 
chafe away the Corfairs who do fo much Mifchief to 
their I'raffick. Without reckoning the Supplies they 
might draw from Greece, or the Ifles of the Archipelago,. 
Egypt, and _ the Coaft of Africk, the Black Sea alone 
would furnifli them with more Wood and Riggino- 
than are needful for even a very formidable Nav)^ At 
prefent the Maritime Forces of this great Empire are 
reduced to twenty eight or thirty Men of War and 
they arm not above fifty Gallies. 
The Turks had much more powerful Fleets in the 
Time of Mahotnet II. of Selimus and Solyman II. but 
they never made any great Expeditions. Since the War 
of Candia, they have mightily neglefted the Sea, and 
perhaps Vv’ould have done fo much more, if Mizomorto 
the Captain-Bafha had not in our Days reftored and 
improved their Navy. The Advantage which arofe by 
the Sea to the Elands of Spalmadori, under the Venetians, 
made him fet a wonderful Value upon the Eland of Scio, 
and gave the Mahometans frefli Spirits. He was a Man 
of extraordinary Capacity for the Sea, and tried all 
Methods to engage Chriflian Officers in the Grand Sig- 
nior’s Service. 1 he Sultan may now have fix or feven 
Renegade Captains, who are well experienced ; but the 
Seamen know nothing of the Tackle, and the Gun- 
ners are miferable to the laft Degree. 
The Succeffor of Mizomorto was but little efteemed. 
Adram a Bafha, who was named the Admiral upon the 
Death of the other, was able to have brought the Con- 
dition of the Turkijh Navy to Perfection, if fom'e, who 
envied him, had not got him ftrangled a little after his 
Promotion. He was known among the Turks by the 
Name of the Bafha of Rhodes, and among the Chri- ■ 
ftians by that of the Butcher’s Son of Marfeilles. He 
was taken very young in a Ship belonging to that City, 
and was fo unhappy as to turn Mahometan. He had 
the Charater among the Turks of a very upright Man, 
and very difinterefted. It is faid, that as he was going 
the Round one Day to execute Juftice at Scio, he asked 
