SWINE RAISING IN HAWAII. 27 
under good management; Further tests were made to compare the 
value of feeding- concentrates from self-feeders with feeding- by hand 
when swine were pastured, soiled, or kept in the dry lot. and also to 
ascertain the relative yields of the various crops when they were 
grown singly and in combination as intercropping. It was learned 
what systems of rotation gave the best results, the influence these 
systems had upon the fertility of the soil when the crops were 
pastured, and the relative costs of each. 
The second series of feeding experiments was based on an intensive 
system of management, the swine being confined in small inclosures 
and fed mostly concentrated feeds with a minimum of pasturage and 
green soiling crops. A great deal of the feed was ground and cooked 
and the by-products fed included condemned carcasses, cassava starch 
refuse, cull beans, sugar cane molasses, and ground hay. The object 
of these series of experiments was to determine the difference between 
the two systems of management in economy of labor and feed, health 
of the animals, and average cost of swine production. 
Only pure-bred Berkshires were used in these experiments. The 
herd included 10 brood sows and 2 herd boars ranging from } T earlings 
to 5-year olds, together with about 40 young pigs not over 1 year old. 
The smallest number of hogs under test at any one time was 20 
and the largest was 80. All animals were bred and reared on the 
farm excepting 5 of the 12 mature animals forming the breeding 
herd. 
Xo contagious disease attacked the herd during the five years of 
its existence and only three mature animals were lost during the 
period, two as a result of faulty farrowing and one as a result of 
a dipping experiment. The average loss of small suckling pigs was 
slightly less than 20 per cent of the 500 pigs farrowed. Sows usually 
farrowed two litters a year, such farrowings totaling about 85 per 
cent of all the sows kept. The smallest litter farrowed was 5 pigs 
and the largest was 13. The highest number of pigs in a litter which 
were brought to maturity was 11. and the lowest was 3. Xo abor- 
tion occurred in the herd during the period of test, and the average 
number of pigs raised per sow per annum for the entire herd was a 
fraction over 10. In 1919, 7 soavs brought to weaning age about 14 
pigs each. 
It is concluded from the experiment that with good management 
10 pigs per sow per annum is a reasonably possible accomplishment 
in herds not exceeding 10 brood sows, which was the average number 
maintained at the Haiku substation and upon which these data are 
based. However, it is estimated that less than half of this number 
is the average production per sow in Hawaii as a rule. Such a high 
and profitable standard can be maintained only with good foundation 
stock which are carefully mated, well fed. and well cared for. 
PLAN AND MANAGEMENT OF PASTURES AND RATIONS. 
Figure 18 shows the general layout of the swine breeding and 
feeding plant at the Haiku substation at the beginning of the series 
of experiments in 1916. 
The one-tenth-acre paddocks were found to be rather small at the 
end of the hist year's trial for the support of sows having big litters. 
Two lots were therefore thrown together to form one-fifth-acre pad- 
