SWINE KAISIXG IX HAWAII. 
13 
In individual pens where room is limited, cast-iron water bowls, 
such as are used for cattle, have proved very satisfactory. These 
bowls are connected with a pressure water system, the water being 
admitted through a valve having a winged lever that is paddle 
shaped. When the hog presses upon the lever the water runs into 
the bowl, and when the pressure is removed the water is automatically 
shut off by means of a spring. 
Breeding and loading crates. — A breeding crate is a necessary 
adjunct to every breeding establishment. By means of it the heaviest 
boar can be utilized expeditiously without injuring the smallest sow. 
Some sows, although in heat, will not take the boar readily, and the 
Fig. 15. 
-Molokai ranch piggery. Concrete floor and wooden troughs. Steam boiler 
and vat for cooking feed in background. 
use of a crate in such instances insures a successful service. Many 
breeders use a crate for all of their sows. 
Any carpenter can make a breeding crate. The materials needed 
include a stout frame, which is made of "2 by 4 inch scantlings, closed 
in front and open in back, a bar to slip behind the sow just above 
the hocks, and a 2 by 1 inch strip which is attached to both sides 
of the forward end of the crate at about the height of the sow's 
head, and extends to the rear of the crate where it is fastened to 
the bottom. The boar's forefeet rest on these strips. 1 
Breeders who ship choice hogs long distances should standardize 
their shipping crates to insure comfort for the animals and at the 
same time to serve as advertisements for themselves. The crate 
should be strongly and neatly constructed and neither excessively 
large nor small. (Fig. 16.) The floor of those intended for ship- 
ment should be made of solid 1-inch boards. The sides, ends, and 
top of new 1 by 1 inch lumber should be spaced according to the size 
of the hogs to be shipped. 
1 For details, see C. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bulletin 966, A Simp! I g ding Crat«. 
