SWINE RAISING IN HAWAII. 
a high altitude that the cold becomes a factor, should be avoided. 
Swine may be successfully raised, however, when one extreme con- 
dition is modified by another that is somewhat favorable, as for 
instance at Glenwood, on Hawaii, where there is an average annual 
rainfall of 194 inches, but fairly good drainage and calm atmos- 
pheric conditions. The Haiku district on Maui is both wet and 
windy, but with tree shelters and correct housing conditions is 
entirely satisfactory for the profitable raising of swine. Swine also 
thrive at an altitude of from 3,000 to 5.000 feet, where the nights 
are cold and the seasons are characterized by low rainfall, such as 
in the Kula. Maui, and Waikee districts of Hawaii. 
The swine raiser is advised not to select locations (1) that are cold, 
low, and wet; (2) that are exposed and windy; or (3) where the 
seasons are alternately wet and dry and the clay soils are sticky. 
Ideal locations are those where the temperature and rainfall are com- 
fortable for man, where shelter can be provided against strong 
winds, and where the soil is not only well drained but fertile for 
crops as well. Stony land, such as that where the fruit-bearing cac- 
tus (Opuntia sp.) abounds, is not desirable except for pasture pur- 
poses. Sandy soil, or even pure sand, such as skirts the salt-water 
beaches, when shaded by algaroba or other trees, is apparently ideal 
for swine raising. So long as they are given intelligent care, swine 
will thrive under widely varying conditions of altitude and of soil ; 
that is, from sea level to 5,000 feet elevation, on pure sand to heavy 
loam, stony land, and on Manienie (Bermuda) sod. 
HOUSES, INCLOSURES, AND FENCES. 
The convenience and economy of operation, as well as the health 
and comfort of the hogs, depends to a large extent upon the general 
plan of the inclosures and houses. The housing problem is for- 
tunately a simple one in the mild climate of Hawaii. 
Hogs can be raised to advantage in an inexpensive house provided 
it is well planned and placed, well lighted and ventilated, and can 
easily be kept clean. Small pens should not be built oh rocky ground 
because they are hard to keep clean and soon become insanitary. 
When confined in such pens heavy hogs often become lame. The 
construction should not be of concrete unless the method of stall 
feeding with garbage is practiced on rather an extensive scale. Con- 
crete structures are not only unnecessarily expensive, but they are 
cold in wet weather, and the floors, unless they are overlain by plank, 
are hard on the hogs' feet and pasterns. On the other hand, a well- 
laid concrete floor is sanitary and can easily be kept clean. (Figs. 3 
and -i.) Large central or community houses of all kinds should 
amply provide for the admittance of direct sunlight during the 
greater part of the day, and an abundance of fresh air at all times. 
Small houses or individual cots are best made on the open front 
plan, admitting both light and air. 
In the central housing system the pens (farrowing pens and the 
like) for individual animals are usually S by 8 feet to 12 by 12 feet 
square, or of dimensions giving an equivalent area. In the in- 
dividual house or colony system, especially when the cots are of the 
portable type, there may be less space. (Figs. 5 and 6.) A good 
dimension is 7 by 7 feet, although the writer's " New Era " type of 
