Vowels. 
ai 
jl an 
Consonants. Sounds only found in 
Hindustani. 
h 
t 
lA 
A 
d 
dh 
• 3 
d 
dh 
A 
z 
> 
r 
3 
r 
rh 
3 
z 
A 
J 
zh 
u** 
s 
4 
(JW 
sh 
s 
z 
h 
t 
& 
z 
1 
( 
t 
gh 
o 
f 
<3 
q 
k 
kh 
g 
4 
gh 
J 
1 
(♦ m 
eJ n 
U when representing anundsika in Deva 
Nagari, by on the preceding vowel 
j w (or rarely v) 
A h 
y 
Hamzah f (where necessary) ’ 
The J of the article in Arabic words should be assimilated 
before the solar letters ; and the vowel u which often precedes the article 
and absorbs its vowel should remain attached to the word to which it 
belongs. Thus — Jb5| Iqbalu-d-daulah. 
Tanwin may be rendered by w-e. g., ittijdqan, Alif-i maqsurah should 
be rendered by a. 
Final S need not be written in Persian and Hindustani words, 
but should be written in Arabic words. 
