80 
W. Hoey — Identification of Kusinara, Vaisali, Spc, [No. 1, 
spoken of by the pilgrims; or from + aZaya (Sansc.), the ‘ bow- 
place,’ where the bow was deposited. Anyhow there can be no 
mistake as to the mound lying to the east of the town of Chupra, 
palled Telpa. This is undoubtedly the Sanscrit talpa ‘ a tower,’ and 
is that built for the mother of the thousand sons and the site of 
Vaisali is therefore fixed. It is the modern Cherand and was spread 
along the bank of the Ganges east and west of the present town. 
The five rivers to the junction of which the Chinese Pilgrim Fa 
Hian proceeded was the mouth of the Son. The five rivers are the 
Jumna, Ganges, Rapti, Sarayu or Gogra, and the Son. Fa Hian 
crossed at Paleza-Digha Ghat, and had only to go one yojana to 
reach Pataliputra (Patna). The distance from Cherand to Paleza 
Ghat is 18 J miles. This was four yojanas and gives a trifle over 
miles to the yojana. According to Hwen Thsang the yojana consisted 
of 4000 bow lengths, each 6 cubits. This means 8000 yards which 
give us 4*54 miles to the yojana. 
We learn from RockhilTs Life of the Buddha based on Tibetan 
authorities that Buddha on finally leaving Vaisali visited a place called 
Amra, which may be Amnaur (Amranagara), Jambugama, Bhandagama, 
Hastigama, which may be the present Hathwa, and Bhoganagara. 
After this he reached Pava. 
I now come to speak of a place of which I have some personal 
knowledge. T here is a village known as Papaur or Pappaur ( Pava -f pura 
orPapa + pura) about three miles east of Sewan. I visited it some 
years ago. Near the present homestead there are the remains of a more 
ancient habitation from which I obtained some copper Indo-Bactrian 
coins. It represents a place of great antiquity and must be the Pava 
where the goldsmith Cunda lived. When Buddha came thus far he 
went with his followers to the goldsmith’s grove and while there he 
accepted an invitation to dine with the goldsmith to whose house he 
went. There he was served with the suhara^ which aggravated the 
symptoms developed at Veluva and gave his illness a fatal turn. This 
led him to resolve to push on to Kusinara and he set out with Ananda 
in that direction. He was then at least 80 years old and suffering 
from dysentery. He could not have travelled far and we observe that 
the Mahaparinibbana Sutta represents him as halting under a tree at 
least once and reaching a river with difficulty. The salient points in con- 
nection with his last brief journey are that he left Pava, halted under 
a tree, moved on again to a stream called Kakuttha and having crossed 
I This is not boar’s flesh, but SuJcara-Tcanda ‘ hog’s root,’ a bulbous root found 
chiefly in mounds and jungles, which I have seen Hindus eat with avidity. It is a 
%>halahar, permissible to eat on fast days. 
