1900.] 
F. Hahn — A Primer of the Asur duhma. 
161 
The perfect adds to the root the following tense characteristics ; 
a, heda, hed, ledd, ya, yand, kan, hand: jomkedd^ I have eaten; vejukand, 
I have come ; senyand^ have gone ; dukmdyand, have been called. 
The future adds ed, eyd or yd and in some words nd : sened, I 
shall go ; dukmdyd, shall speak ; rageyd, shall call ; rued, shall beat. 
With regard to the future tense it must be observed, that the Asur 
will never employ the present, as is done in English, when in reality the 
future is meant ; for example “ Can you do this ? ” or “ Do you know 
this ? ” must be rendered by using the future tense : ISTihi kameya ? 
l!^’ihi tuana ? “ I go home this year. ” Nea mes re 5ra te senoaig, lit. 
this year in house to I will go. 
20. On participles. 
The adverbial participle adds re to the root of the verb : nyile re 
godyand, he died drinking, in the act of drinking. 
In the present participle the stem is repeated and then te is added : 
jomjomte, eating ; nyel nyel te, seeing. 
The past perfect participle adds kan and te to the root : jomkante, 
having eaten ; also len, e.g., senlen te jomed, having gone, I will eat ; 
vejkante, having come. 
The conjunctive participle adds ked te and te to the root of the verb : 
jomked te after having eaten ; nyelte, after having seen. 
21. On the infinitive and conditional. 
The infinitive adds ta'd to the root of the verb : nyuta'd, to drink ; 
drupta'd, to sit ; nyelta'd, to see ; jomta’d, to eat. 
The conditional adds re together with the particle do which is 
similar to the Hindi “ to,'* e.g., iyd sen redd beseyd, if I go, it will be 
well; hunt vejd redd neleyd, if he had come, he would have seen; 
irj ruredo, if I beat ; buge lekd te kdme re dd-amd paird yarned, if you 
work well, you will receive money ; te also is used for the condi- 
tional, e.g., amd tudete irj rageyd, if I knew thee, I would have called 
thee lit. from knowing thee I shall call thee. 
22. On the passive voice. 
Little is to be said with regard to the passive voice. For the pre- 
sent tense od or vd is added to the root : ruvdtand, I am beaten. In 
the past tense it is ruvdyand, I was beaten ; and in the future vd or 
god is simply added to the root instead of ed in the active and neuter 
verb: rugod, I shall be beaten. 
23. General remarks. 
The noun of agency is formed by adding ae to the root, which 
is repeated : jojomae, eater ; ruruae, beater. Nouns are formed from 
