164 
F. Hahn — A Primer of the Asur dukma. 
Future : T shall he beaten. 
[No. 2, 
i7j rugod or rugodiij 
alirj rugod or riigodU^ 
ale riigod or rugodle 
I shall be beaten, 
we two shall be beaten, 
we shall be beaten. 
30. The potential. 
For the potential mood led is added to the modified stem of the verb. 
Sing. 
ip ruehd or rdehdip 
am ruehd or rilekdm 
hum ruekd or ruekde 
alip ruekd or ruekdlip 
aban ruekd or ruekdban 
akip ruekd or ruekdkip 
ale ruekd or ruekdle 
ape ruekd or ruekdpe 
huku ruekd or ruekdku 
The verb tuaind, “ knowing 
potential; e.g., 
ip sened tuaind 
ip kaip sened tuaind 
Dual. 
Plur. 
I may beat, 
thou mayst beat, 
he may beat, 
we two may beat, 
you two may beat, 
they two may beat, 
we may beat, 
you may beat, 
they may beat. 
is frequently nsed in the sense of 
I will be able to go ; 
I will be unable to go. 
he cannot speak Asur. 
Hum dukmd kde tuaind 
It is used also as a permissive : 
ip jib jom tuaind, I can, i.e., I am permitted to eat meat. 
31. The Imperative. 
The imperative is the same as in Mundari, with this difference that 
for the sake of euphony the imperative endings me and pe and kd are 
often preceded by the vowel e. 
Sing. 
2. rueme 
beat thou or am rueml. 
3. ruekde 
may he beat. 
Dual. 
2. rueban 
you two beat. 
8. ruekdkip 
may they two beat. 
Plur. 
2. ruepe or ape ruepe 
you beat. 
3. ruekdku 
may they beat. 
Chapter VII. Negatives, Compounds, Causals, etc. 
32. Verbs with the negative. 
There are in the Asur dukma three negatives which can be con- 
nected with any verb, viz., kd, not ; alokd, 
kdip ruedip or ip kd rueaip 
kdm ruedm or am kd rueam 
kde ruede or hunt kd ruede 
may not and aid, do not. 
I will not beat, 
thou, will not beat, 
he will not beat. 
