27 
May, 1932, The Queensland Naturalist. 
Eucalyptus tessellaris, E. alba, E. terminalis, E. tereticor- 
nis, Melaleuca leucadendron, llomalanthus populifolius, 
and Pandanus pedunculatus. Loranthus pendulus, the 
hanging mistletoe, is common on the Eucalypts, occasion- 
ally causing the death of the host. Sub-dominant trees are 
Acacia holosericea and A. flavescens, both second storey 
trees. Shrubs are not as common and are represented by 
Hibiscus tiliaceus, H. radiatus, Tephrosia astragaloides, 
and a number of malvaceous weeds. These latter, includ- 
ing Urena lobata, Sida cor difolia, and Sida acuta, are 
connected with the grazing of the flat. The ground cov- 
ering of herbaceous plants is sparse and greatly altered by 
fires and grazing. Anthistiria imberbis (Kangaroo grass), 
Ileteropogon contort us (this an after-product of bush 
fires), Paspalum distichum (in nroister places), are com- 
mon. A fern — Helminthostachys zeylanicum — occurs in 
occasional patches, apparently surviving the fires because 
of its underground stem, several inches below the surface. 
The strand flora, where conditions are sufficiently 
sheltered to allow the Malayan forest to come down to the 
beach, is of a) different appearance from the formation 
already described. A dense forest of the monsoon type 
rises like a wall some yards from high tide mark, and is 
mixed only at its fringe with ordinary strand types. Of 
these Casuarina equisetifojia is the most noticeable, as its 
switch-like branches are in marked contrast to the broad- 
leaved foliage of the trees in the background. Heritiera 
littoralis, Myoporum acuminatum, Guettardia spectabilis, 
Hibiscus tiliaceus, Pandanus pedunculatus, Sophora tomen- 
tosa, and Cynometra ramiflora are commonly seen, together 
littoralis, Myoporum acuminatum, Guettardia speciosa, 
a ust rale, and the climbing Abrus precat orius. It is im- 
possible to draw a line in many cases between strand and 
with the scramblers derodendron inerms and Sarcostemma 
Sarcocephalus cordatus, and othe rtrees common further 
inland grow side by side with Casuarina and its usual con- 
sociates ; while twining or sprawling through them are 
Entada scandens, Mueuna gigantea, Abrus precatorius, 
and Sarcostemma australe. The first two are characteristic 
lianas of the monsoon forest, 
M a n g i 'ove Fo r e s t . 
The main development of the mangrove forest is on 
the mud flats at the mouths of tidal creeks, and at the foot 
of the steep hills that flank many of the bays. Amongst 
the rocks around the shore near the headlands where mud 
collects smaller patches of mangroves are to be found, and 
occasionally a stray seedling becomes established for a short 
time along the open shore. Eight species of mangrove 
were observed on Palm Island — Rhizophora mucronata, 
