INTRODUCTION. 
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rameaux, ou des feuilles, dans quelques especes; et que, dans le Carpolopedium ( Muscoides , 
Mich.) ces inemes graines ou fruits sont solitaires, caches sous des Readies imbriquees et 
distinctes des feuilles.” 
In the first and last genera here mentioned, M. Palisot de Beauvois decidedly speaks 
of true anthers ; but in his Conianthos he deduces characters of equal importance from the 
gemm®, which he supposes to be capsules (our anthers), and wholly passes over the true 
anthers, which are precisely of the same nature as those of Carpolopedium and Rhyzo- 
pliyllum, and are to be found with equal facility as they are in those species. 
The character given by Mohr, in his FL Crypt. Germ., is, perhaps, the best that has 
yet been assigned to the genus : “Plant® Cryptogam®. Ord. vi. Calyptrat®. B. Deoper- 
culat®. Sporangium quadrivalve (ex anomalia interdum 8-valve.”) 
Wahlenberg is almost equally happy in his definition. “Musci Hepatici. Capsula 
sine operculo, longitudinaliter dehiscens, interne tantum calyptrata. 
Fructificationes dioic®, rarius monoic® : steriles pulverace® in apice ramulorum 
vel foliorum. 
Fructus Calyx: Perichatium sacculiforme membranaceum vel carnosum. 
Germen calytra tectum, styligerum, in pericli®tio sessile. 
Capsula in pedunculo subito elongando et caduco, univalvis, laciniis quatuor 
dehiscens. Seminula inter fila spiralia elastica.” 
And, lastly, Schwaegrichen gives the following character to his genus Jungermannia, 
in his Prodromus Hist, Muse. Hepat. “ Theca quadrivalvis, nuda, seta, imposita. Seminum 
elateres lineares.” 
SECTION II. 
On the different Parts of a Jungermannia. 
I. ON THE ROOTS, STEM, LEAVES, AND STIPULES. 
W e shall begin with speaking of the 
ROOTS, 
Roots. Since they are the parts of a plant, by which it is principally nourished and supported. 
These are of two kinds: such as are composed of minute, simple, or rarely forked*, fibres; 
and such as seem to be a continuation of the stem itself, equalling it in thickness, and. 
like it, frequently branched. 
* As in J, trilolata (tab. 76). 
