INTRODUCTION. 
STIPULES. 
Besides the leaves just described, the stems of many species of Jungermannne are Stipules, 
furnished with small scales or foliaceous processes, which, by most authors, are denominated 
stipules. These, in every instance, are produced on the lower side of the plant, whether 
the leaves are imbricated on the superior or inferior surface. Where they exist at all 
they are generally found throughout the whole length of the plant, placed at equal 
distances, one between each pair of leaves : yet in J- compressa and J. Sphagni they appear 
only on the younger shoots; and in J ■ scalaris, J ■ Taylori, and J ■ anomala, they are with 
difficulty to be discovered. They are widely subulate in the three last-mentioned species : 
ovate and entire in J. albescens (tab. 72) : of the same shape, and toothed or laciniate in 
J- B/asia, J. stipulacea (tab. 41), and J ■ viticulosa: ligulate in J Imvigata and J. platyphylla: 
bifid and entire in J ■ Francisci (tab. 49), J- cuneifolia, J ■ polyanthos, J. minutissima, J . hamu- 
tifolia, &c. : bifid and laciniate in J. Woodsii, J ■ barbata, J. heterophylla (tab. 31), and 
J. bidentata : four or five toothed or lobed, with the lobes entire in J. reptans (tab. 75) 
and J- trilobata (tab. 76) : lobed and ciliated in J. ci/iaris: quadrate and finely laciniate in 
J. tomentella (tab. 36). Their margins are mostly plane, but recurved in J. platyphylla 
and J. Tamarisci. 
II. ON THE ORGANS OF REPRODUCTION. 
A. On the Parts of the Fructification. 
ANTHERS. 
Under the denomination of the anthers of Jungermanniae Hedwig has described two Anthers, 
kinds of organs, whose structure is extremely different. The one I shall have occasion 
presently to speak of ; that which consists simply of pellucid granules, without any visible 
internal organization, and which I have, I fear, incorrectly, in the course of my descrip- 
tions, described by the name of gemma: the other is what I look upon to be the true 
anthers, at least as much so as the anthers of Mosses, with the structure of which there 
seems to be the greatest affinity, and especially with those of the genus Sphagnum. Like 
them they are nearly spherical in all the species, except in J. Blasia (tab. 82), where 
they are ovate or elliptical, externally composed of an extremely thin, pellucid, diaphanous, 
reticulated membrane; which reticulation is caused, in all probability, by cellules, of which 
it is the boundary. Within it is filled with a fluid and mixed with a very minute granulated 
substance, generally of an olivaceous or greyish color, but yellow in J. pusilla (tab. 69), 
and orange in J. Hookeri (tab. 54) : this, when the anther has arrived at a state of maturity, 
escapes through an irregularly shaped opening, which bursts at the extremity ; and then 
the cuticle turns brown and decays. 
The anther terminates, in the greater number of species, a short filament, or white, 
pellucid, delicate, cellulose footstalk. In J. pinguis this footstalk is scarcely discernible, and 
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