16 
NORTH AMERICAN BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA. 
x. Coccyx and sacrum articulated by two condyles. 
Sacral diapophyses dilated; vertebrae procoelian; 
terminal phalanges articulated inferiorly to penul- 
timate, swollen at base, distal portion slender, 
nail-like ; abdomen areolate Hylidce . 
Sacral diapophyses cylindrical; vertebrae procoe- 
lian ; mandible toothless ; terminal phalanges not 
as in preceding Cystignathidce . 
y. Coccyx and sacrum confluent; sacral diapophyses 
dilated ; vertebrae procoelian ; terminal phalanges 
continuous, conical Scaphiopidce. 
b. Epicoracoids in contact with coracoids, not connected 
with them by overlapping cartilages. 
Sub-order Baniformia. 
Sacral diapophyses cylindrical ; xiphisternum and 
manubrium osseous ; ear well developed ; fronto- 
parietals never embracing fontanelle . . . Banidce. 
Artificial Synopsis of Families. 
A. Toothless. 
a. Parotoid glands present; tympanic membrane visible; 
skin more or less warty Bufonidce. 
b. No parotoid glands; tympanic membrane concealed; 
skin smooth Engystomidce. 
B. Teeth on upper jaw. 
a. Parotoid present ; a large, flat-edged spur on heel. 
Scaphiopidce. 
b. No parotoids or large spur on heel. 
x. Terminal phalanges dilated; external metatarsi 
bound together. 
abdomen granulated ; terminal phalanges swollen 
at base and with slender, nail-like ends . . Hylidce. 
2. Abdomen smooth ; terminal phalanges swollen 
at end and terminating in a viscous disk. 
Cystigna thidce. 
y. Terminal phalanges continuous ; external metatarsi 
separated by a web Ranidce. 
Sub-order BUFONIFORMIA. 
Family BUFONIDCE. 
Genus Bufo, Laurenti. 
Ear perfectly developed; prefrontals in contact with eacli 
other and with the fronto-parietal s, the latter entirely osseous; 
