54 
The Qeensland Naturalist. 
VoL. 2 
There are two rocky headlands, Caloundra Head (or 
Wickham Point) and Moffat’s Head, the latter being the 
more northerly. They are formed of a Trias-Jura (probably 
Jurassic) sandstone, sometimes fine grained, sometimes 
coarsely conglomeratic, and containing a considei'able quantity 
of iron. Imbedded in the rocks are large trunks and branches 
of fossil conifers, whose wood has been replaced by limonite, 
while in a few places on the cliff face of Moffat’s Head, thin 
bands of coal and carbonaceous shale are to be seen. 
Between the two heads is a short steep beach, while to 
the north of Moffat’s Head is a gently sloping strand extending 
for miles, and behind which are several lagoons, that nearest 
the Head being Tooway Creek. The mouth of the latter 
is generally obstructed by a sand bar. Between Caloundra 
Head and Bribie Island the beaches are firm, and shelve 
gently to form the shores of the northern point of the Passage, 
which is practically a saltwater river, and here estuarine 
conditions prevail. My remarks relate chiefly to Caloundra 
and the beach on either side of it. 
T desire to express my indebtedness to Mr. C. Hedley*, 
F.L.S., for stimulating my interest in this work, and foi 
naming the Mollusca (other than Polyplacophora) forwarded 
to him ; Mr. A. R. McCulloch, for identifying the Crustacea ; 
Mr. E. A. Briggs, B.Sc., for naming the echinoids arid some 
Coelenterates ; Mr. Basset Hull, for recognising the Chitons ; 
and Mr. A. H. S. Lucas, M. A., B.Sc., hon. algologist to the 
Sydney Botanic Gardens, for identifying all the marine 
plants mentioned (unless otherwise stated). Without such 
assistance, this sketch would not have made much progress. 
Mr. Hedley has called attention to a fourfold division 
of beaches, viz., the shingle beach, ocean reef beach, ocean sand 
beach, and the estuarine beach. Of these, the last three are 
represented in the Caloundra area. Each possesses its own 
distinctive fauna, though a few species may be commonly 
met with in more than one type of beach, e.g., the oystei 
Ostrea cucullata and the littorinid Bemhicinm melanostoma . 
The Ocean Reef Beach 
On the rocky reefs of the Sydney district there are, 
?^ccording to Mr. Hedley, three well marked inter-tidal 
horizons : — (I) an upper zone between the high water of 
spring and neap tides, inhabited by certain peri-winkles 
(Melaraphe and Tectarius) and barnacles (Chthamalus and 
Tetraclita) ; (2) A median zone between high and low nea]> 
tides, characterised in that locality bv a tube-forming annelid 
Galeolaria ; and (3) A lower zone between low neap and low 
spring tides, where the cunjevoi or sea-squirt Cynthia is a 
dominant member of the fauna. 
• Mr. Hftfiley recently onblished a very interesting and valuable account 
of the ecology of the Sydney beaches. (Froc. Roy. Soc. N.S.W., 49, 191B, 
pp. 15-77, pi. 1-7. 
