72 HUMANE TREATMENT OP ANIMALS USED IN RESEARCH 
relaxants in all of my experiments, or for permission to perform some 
experiments at an establishment not already approved for the pur- 
pose — were dealt with expeditiously and sympathetically, and that 
I did not find recordkeeping at all arduous. And I cite these facts 
to show that, with intelligent and sympathetic administration, a law 
to license vivisection need not restrict the performance of medical 
research or teaching. 
I am unable to think of one of my friends and former colleagues — 
members of the British Physiological or Pharmacological Societies — 
Avho regards either the British Act itself or its application as being 
in a-ny way restrictive of his scientific freedom or his teaching. On the 
contrary, most workers in the United Kingdom — and I think it is fair 
to say that this is also the official opinion of the professional organ- 
izations and the scientific societies — think of the act as a charter, 
guaranteeing them freedom, under its protection, to do their experi- 
ments without fear of malicious or mischievous prosecution. 
I thank you for this opportunity to present testimony. 
Mr. Roberts. Thank you, Doctor. 
Doctor, I wanted to ask one or two questions. 
You recall, I believe you advocated some type of control that might 
be, in my opinion, more far reaching than this bill goes. 
Now, if you will look at the title of H.R. 1937, the enacting clause 
would state : 
Recipients of grants from the United States and by agencies or instrumentali- 
ties of the United States Government, and for other purposes. 
Can the United States go any further than that title, in your 
opinion ? 
Dr. Bernstein. Yes, sir, I believe it can, and I believe that it should. 
If the objectives of this bill are desirable, then, obviously, it seems 
to me they are desirable in respect of all animal experimentation and 
not merely that which is performed under grants from the U.S. 
Government. 
Mr. Roberts. I think you would rim into a question of jurisdiction 
of States. 
I believe you mentioned that there is some type of animal research 
that goes on in the teaching of biology and maybe other subjects in 
high schools. As you know, except in areas where impacted-area 
funds are provided, I know of no other way that we could impose any 
controls or restraints on U.S. funds. 
That was my point in mentioning that there is certainly a limit, in 
my opinion — I may be wrong — as to how far we could go with Federal 
legislation if Congress were to approve it. 
For instance, one example would be teaching in high schools. I do 
not see how we would reach that. That would have to be reached, in 
my opinion, by State legislation if such matters were to be given con- 
sideration in the bill. 
Now, I take it that having practiced in Great Britain, you are very 
familiar with the British act? 
Dr. Bernstein. Yes, sir. 
Mr. Roberts. Do you happen to know how long that act has been 
in existence? 
Dr. Bernstein. Something more than 80 years, sir. 
Mr. Roberts. Something more than 80 years. 
