HUMANE TREATMENT OF ANIMALS USED IN RESEARCH 77 
first fast and another during the first realimentation with casein.” 
For when the dogs were finally allowed food, it was not a balanced 
diet. One was calculated to “show many features characteristic of 
a rather severe alarm reaction.” The authors report that “Selye states 
that fasting is an alarming stimulus and sensitizes the animal to other 
alarming stimuli.” The dogs, now having been subjected to two major 
operations, starvation up to 6 weeks, and feeding with an improper 
diet, “dermatitis, cutaneous ulcerations and alopecia” in the sympa- 
thectomized dogs “were much more frequent and often intense.” The 
authors show their familiarity with starving dogs, stating : 
Normally, healthy dogs tolerate prolonged fasting surprisingly well. During 
the first 2 or 3 weeks they frequently appear stimulated and are unusually 
playful and lively, later their reactions are slowed but they are usually in good 
condition for as long as 5 to 6 weeks. 
It should be recognized, however, that the layman’s idea of “good 
condition” and that of some scientists are farther apart than the inex- 
perienced person could believe possible. The fact is well demon- 
strated by the protograplis of the dogs in the Overholt Clinic case. 
Dr. Frederick Panico who did major surgery on these dogs, using the 
heart-lung machine on them, described them as in “good condition” as 
the court record shows. Other witnesses emphatically contradicted 
this. For example: 
* * * we found 11 live dogs and the remains of a dead dog. Just outside the 
gate that entered the shelter, there was a thin black mongrel lying on its side. 
Part of its chest area had been clipped, and there was an open running wound 
about midway to the clipped area. 
At autopsy, this dog was found to have more than a liter of pus within 
the heart sac and between 600 and 700 cubic centimeters of pus free 
in the chest cavity. So much for “good condition.” 
Now I would like to call attention to the monkey chair, which, I 
am sorry to say, is now being advertised for sale with the suggestion 
that this is the way to keep monkeys conveniently — “A new concept in 
monkey maintenance for research purposes.” 
I would like to emphasize the word “maintenance” because that 
means that these monkeys go into the chairs and they do not come out. 
In some cases they do, I would like to say, but this is a trend which is 
very serious. 
I also have another picture which I have not bothered to send up 
now, showing Dr. John Lilly with a monkey in a monkey chair. He 
wrote in a popularization of laboratory activities the following: 
Electrical stimuli placed by means of fine wires in specific portions of the 
brain can cause either intense rewarding or intense punishing experiences in a 
particular animal and in humans. This has been demonstrated in rats, cats, 
monkeys, and in later years, dolphins. 
One method is described as follows : 
The crescendo-stimulus method was worked out with the macaque (monkey). 
One puts in a train of stimuli that starts at zero intensity and during the next 
15 seconds is gradually built up beyond the level at which the animal can stand 
it. A sophisticated animal will push the switch in order to stop the gradually 
increasing stimuli before they reach an unbearable level. * * * A monkey will 
miss and allow crescendo to go through its peak until he is so strongly stimulated 
that he is in a state of panic, when he cannot possibly shut the current off. 
The monkey chair now being more and more widely used as stand- 
ard equipment, thanks to Dr. Lilly and others at the NIH and Walter 
