HUMANE TREATMENT OF ANIMALS USED IN RESEARCH 135 
and management of animals. Despite unquestioned progress, how- 
ever, certain problems related to personnel are hindering some 
institutions from achieving the best possible standards. These 
are listed below along with suggestions for dealing with them. 
1. Professional direction for animal care activities . 
Eleven of the fifty-eight institutions have organized 
their animal facilities under full time professional direction. 
In the remaining forty-seven institutions the direction of 
animal care is a responsibility of one or more staff or faculty 
members, whose major responsibilities and professional interests 
lie elsewhere. The time they devote to the animal care activity 
varies with their other commitments. 
As a natural consequence of the increasing specializa- 
tion of research and its tools, not all investigators have the 
experience and training to provide completely for their animals 
under modern laboratory conditions. In most institutions, ani- 
mal facilities must be shared by many research workers. Frequently, 
this complicates the problems of disease control, utilization of 
space, management of personnel, and other related problems. The 
individual investigator is not equipped to deal with difficulties 
which arise, almost inevitably, where there is no overall organi- 
zation of animal care, and where he has no one to assist him in 
the solution of his animal care problems. 
It seems obvious that provision for adequate pro- 
fessional supervision is essential in promoting further progress 
of laboratory animal care. All institutions, regardless of size, 
should have access to professional knowledge and skills in this 
