HUMANE TREATMENT OF ANIMALS USED IN RESEARCH 227 
Swinging dogs to induce vomiting is a popular activity at Columbia Univer- 
sity 20 where a motor-driven swing having a frequency of 13 complete swings 
per minute was used in a typical experiment. The researchers note that “dog 
112 also had severe mange infection.” And then, there is the Noble-Collip 
drum (illustration E) for inducing shock in animals by rotating them. At New 
York University-Bellevue Medical Center, 21 for example, rats were subjected to 
600 revolutions. In some institutions, projections have been added to the in- 
terior of the drum to bump the animals as they are drummed. To prevent the 
animals from trying to jump over the projections as they are mercilessly 
drummed or rotated, their front feet are taped together. Such injuries as frac- 
tured skulls, hemorrhages, broken teeth, bruised livers, engorgement of bowels, 
kidneys, lung, rectum, duodenum and stomach result from the drum and similar 
rotating devices. 
There are a great variety of devices for restraining fully conscious animals 
during experiments that cause animals intense fear and pain. The Ziegler 
monkey chair (illustration F) is used to restrain, fully conscious, these highly 
sensitive animals while stimulation of the brain is carried out under only local 
anesthetics, for the implantation of cranial windows and for similar procedures 
that cause great fear and distress. A restraining device designed at the State 
College of Washington 22 is a modification of a National Institutes of Health 
chair. Monkeys have been restrained for as long as 5 months in the device 
(illustration G) according to the researcher who states: “We have maintained 
monkeys in the chairs continuously for periods of 2 to 5 months * * 
A restraining box (illustration H) designed at the Research and Development 
Center of the American Can Co. 23 is used for the feeding of monkeys by stomach 
tube. The unfortunate animal shown here (illustration I) is restrained and 
forced to press a lever almost constantly to reduce the intensity of painful elec- 
trical stimulus. The paper describing the experiment at Walter Reed 24 is en- 
titled “A Behavioral Method for the Study of Pain Perception in the Monkey.” 
The title itself contradicts the claims of researchers that experimental animals 
are not subjected to pain. 
Monkeys have been restrained for as long as 15 months “continuously day and 
night” in the device shown here (illustration J) and used at the National Insti- 
tutes of Health. 
Dogs, cats, monkeys, and rabbits are restrained in the device (illustration K) 
described by a researcher at the Chemical Warfare Laboratories of the Army 
Chemical Center, Maryland, for as long as 24 hours. 
The few examples I have given of the suffering inflicted without limit on lab- 
oratory animals do not begin to give a cross section of the variety of experiments. 
It would take days of testimony to describe, even in the briefest form, the atroci- 
ties that are routine in research today. Animals are truly beaten, starved, 
burned, frozen, blinded, drowned, forced to swim and run until they die, accel- 
erated, deprived of sleep, irradiated, skinned, and subjected to other methods of 
inducing pain and fear in infinite variety. 
The suffering of animals used in research today is not limited to that inflicted 
during experimentation. Often after undergoing burning, major surgery, the 
crushing of muscles, and the breaking of bones, and other mutilating and painful 
injuries, they are given little or no postexperimental care to relieve their pain 
and fear. In most laboratories the animals are simply returned to a wire-bottom 
cage to suffer, unattended. 
It is not unusual to find animals housed in cramped cages, without even a solid 
place on which to sit or lie, for as long as 5 or even 10 years. They are deprived 
of exercise, sunlight, companionship. They may in some cases be forced to lie in 
their own filth. The food offered them may soon be covered with roaches. They 
are truly imprisoned under conditions under which civilized people would not 
dream of housing criminals guilty of the most heinous crimes. I will not com- 
ment further on the shamefully inhumane conditions under which animals are 
housed or on the cruel neglect of postexperimental care as witnesses for the 
Humane Society of the United States will adequately cover that aspect of the 
need of laboratory animals for protective legislation. 
2 " American Journal of Physiology, 178 : 111-116, 1954. 
21 American Journal of Physiology, 198 : 501-506. 
23 Proceedings of the Animal Care Panel, 7 : 127-137, 1957. 
23 Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 1 : 443-445, 1959. 
21 Neurology, 12 : 4, pp. 264-272, April 1962. 
