362 HUMANE TREATMENT OF ANIMALS USED IN RESEARCH 
equipped with resting boards for the dogs to lie on. But dogs used by the 
departments of surgery and pathology were in new buildings in ill-smelling 
windowless rooms without any provision for exercise, and some of the dogs were 
so big they could not even lie down in normal resting position in these cages. 
Dr. Cohen claims that “dissemination of information,” as in the journal 
published by the animal care panel, is the only way to bring about “humane 
care.” This journal does sometimes print humane and practical articles. It is 
important to note, however, that it also prints articles such as the one quoted 
in my testimony on how to keep monkeys immobilized in monkey chairs from 
which they are never removed for as long as 5 months at a stretch. Dr. Cohen 
says, “The word ‘humane’ is not a static thing.” Yet I venture to say that at no 
time in history has even a society of illiterate barbarians thought it “humane” 
to use the stocks. Immobilization has from time immemorial been used for 
purposes of punishment. Confinement of men to cages in which they could 
neither lie nor stand in normal position was a recognized form of torture in 
French dungeons. It is disheartening to see experimental dogs casually thrust 
into cages in which they can neither stand nor lie normally, and I have seen 
such dogs in 6 different scientific institutions in New York City alone. For 
example I recently saw an old English sheep dog and several crossbred dogs under 
such cruel conditions in the Downstate Medical Center of the University of the 
State of New York of which Dr. Robert A. Moore, who appeared at the hearings in 
opposition to H.R. 1937 is dean. Like the other quarters mentioned, these are 
recently constructed. 
These animals are theoretically protected by a law similar to the one praised 
by Dr. Visscher in Minnesota, whereby laboratories are licensed and given 
access to impounded dogs. The hopeless ineffieacy of this legislation in pre- 
venting even the crudest abuses is demonstrated by the above notes and by testi- 
mony submitted by Mrs. Frank Wilson on the filth and overwhelming infesta- 
tion of ticks and other insects in the animal quarters of a leading New York 
hospital licensed under the Hatch-Metcalf Act. 
Legislation licensing laboratories alone cannot control cruelty even at the 
lowest level. Each individual scientist who uses animals must be licensed if 
legislation to prevent needless and senseless suffering in laboratories is to be 
enforced. 
Experimental work cannot be removed from the humane requirements of the 
bill without making a mockery of it, for it is in experimental work that the 
most terrible suffering is inflicted. At present there is nothing to keep suffer- 
ing within the bounds of decency and reason. Federal law is necessary to ac- 
complish this aim. 
The cost of administering the British act, which carefully regulates pain 
infliction, licenses each person using animals, and registers the institutions using 
them, is small indeed considering the tremendous saving of suffering that it 
accomplishes. I am informed that the cost in 1 recent year was approxi- 
mately $60,000. It would be somewhat higher now owing to the addition of one 
more inspector. Last year the 6 inspectors, all of whom are medically qualified, 
paid an average of 3 visits to each licensed institution of which there are R24 in 
Britain. Following are numbers of institutions using animals and Federal funds 
in the United States. It will be seen that while the numbers of animals used is 
much greater here, the numbers of institutions affected by H.R. 1937 are only 
about 2 % times more than those covered in Britain, thus the cost of admin- 
istration could not possibly be considered as a barrier to enactment of this 
bill which should be passed on humane grounds, and which will save a great deal 
of money now being unnecessarily spent in unproductive ways, as for example, 
in repetitive experiments on sick animals. 
Institutions receiving grants from the National Institutes of Health in 
1961 (in the United States) 1.007 
(These include the Nation’s 71 medical schools, 17 veterinary medi- 
cal schools, 47 dental colleges, and many hospitals and research in- 
stitutes of a nonprofit character. There are 26 commercial firms par- 
ticipating in the cancer chemotherapy program financed by Govern- 
ment funds. ) 
