Canis. 
MAMMALIA. FERA. 
11 
defence, runs before him on the road, but will return or watch when a stran- 
ger passes, and looks back for instruction where two Avays meet ; guards pro- 
perty committed to his charge ; assists the sportsman ; brings objects in his 
mouth ; fawns when begging ; hangs down his tail when afraid ;hates beggars, 
barks at strangers ; licks wounds, and bites the stone thrown at him. 
The dog runs sideAvise, hardly sweats when warm, loUs out his tongue, and 
runs into water ; turns round seA^eral times before lying down ; frequently 
dreams ; is easily awakened. Eats carrion and farinaceous vegetables, drinks 
by lapping, dungs upon stones, urines sidewise, lifting his hind leg, and fre- 
quently, when he meets strange dogs ; smells at the anus of another ; is quar- 
relsome, and eats greedily. The female, when in season, admits all comers, 
snarls at them, and they remain inseparable for a time ; gestation sixty-three 
days. Young from four to ten in number, blind for the first ten days, and 
begin to change their teeth at the fourth month. 
Externally, the dog is infested with fleas and ticks, and internally by the 
tape-worn. Eats grass to make him vomit, and to clear his intestines. Fond 
of rubbing against putrid substances. Subject to hydrophobia, which is be- 
lieved by many since the days of Pliny, to be prevented by worming^ a prac- 
tice which renders the individual incapable of biting. The worm (extracted 
by this process) “ is a tendinous fasciculus of fibres running lengthwise under 
the tongue, as far as its apex, and lying rather loose in a kind of membranous 
sheath, without being connected, like a true tendon, to any of the neighbour- 
ing muscles Blum. Comp. Anat. p. 326. 
The varieties of the dog which occur in the United Kingdom are nume- 
rous, and several of these have been long celebrated for their excellence by 
Appian, Grotius, Claudian, and others. The following synoptical view, con- 
tains the names and characters of the principal races. 
1. Motions regulated by the Sight. 
% 
a. Pastoralis. Shepherd’s Dog, or Colly — Ears half pricked ; tail bushy, 
recurA’^ed ; fur black, long, soft, and loose — Docile and sagacious ; the useful 
companion of the shepherd, and still to be found unmixed in many of the 
sheep dikricts of Scotland. 
b. Amphibius. NeAvfoundland Dog — Ears pendent ; lips loose ; fur long, 
dense, and waved; docile and sagacious; swims and dives well ; not unlike 
the preceding, but larger, and fonder of the water Originally from New- 
foundland, where it is used for the draught. 
c. Zetlandicus — Ears pointed, pricked ; muzzle sharp ; fur long, brown ; 
bark shrill and indistinct — This is the common dog or hund in the Zetland 
Isles, and approaches in character to the Greenland dog. 
The preceding races are less mixed than any of the others, and probably 
make the nearest approach to the primitive stock. 
d. Villaticus. Cur. — Ears half-pricked ; fur short and smooth ; tail not 
bushy, and often very short ; stronger than the shepherd’s dog ; and chiefly 
used in driving cattle. 
e. Taurinus. Bull-Dog — Ears half-pricked ; head round ; snout short ; 
under jaAv projecting ; stature low and muscular ; courageous, and obstinately 
retains its hold. Seldom kept but by the idle and profligate for the purpose 
of fighting. 
f. Mastivus. Mastiff. — Ears pendant ; lips large and loose ; stature large, 
stout ; aspect sullen. A trusty guard, very vigilant and bold. The Homan 
Emperors held the British dogs of this kind in high estimation for combats in 
the amphitheatre, and, according to Strabo, they Avere trained by the Gauls 
for battle. 
