NOTES ON THE REMAINING PORTIONS OF THE SKELETON 21 
nor does the present skeleton, owing to damage, yield absolutely definite information, 
but, as far as can be seen, it is not unlike that of E. maximus, where the top of the 
spine of the first dorsal vertebra reaches approximately the same height as the 
top of the scapula, and from this point the spines gradually rise in height to a 
maximum in the region of the eleventh or twelfth dorsal vertebrae, and thereafter 
fall away in height gradually down to that of the sacral vertebrae. 
The Upnor specimen, however, shows one great difference, not only from 
E. maximus, but apparently from other elephants, in that the neural spines of all 
Fig. 4. — (a) First dorsal vertebra of the Upnor elephant seen from the front, and ( b ) from the left side, 
(c) The same bone in E. maximus. ( d ) Sixteenth dorsal vertebra of Indian elephant for comparison with the 
same bone in the Upnor elephant (e). All 1 nat. size. 
the dorso-lumbar vertebrae stand bolt upright at right angles to the longitudinal 
plane of the vertebra. In other elephants all the dorso-lumbar spines except the 
most anterior slope backwards at a considerable angle. The condition here is 
undoubtedly natural, is not due to postmortem changes, and appears to have no 
parallel. The spines of the vertebrae in this region also show another peculiarity, 
in that those of the posterior lumbar vertebrae are broad right up to the top (as 
seen in side view) instead of dwindling down to a point, which is the more usual 
condition. 
