i6 
THE UPNOR ELEPHANT 
The dimensions of the calcaneum are : 
mm. 
Greatest length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 
Greatest width of surface for the astragalus from above downwards 156 
Greatest width of surface for the astragalus from side to side . . 218 
Depth of tuber calcis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 
Width of tuber calcis .. .. .. .. .. .. .. in 
Navicular (PI. VI, figs. 3 a, 4 a ). — This bone is preserved on the right side 
only. It differs only in detail from the navicular of E. africanus ; thus on the 
upper surface the semicircular calcaneal facet is larger and on the distal surface 
the facet for the cuboid and entocuneiform are more nearly continuous with one 
another, and make an angle with facets for the meso- and ecto-cuneiform. In this 
respect the difference from the navicular of E. maximus is still greater (PI. VI, 
fig- 4 C )- 
The dimensions of the navicular are : 
mm. 
Greatest width from side to side .. .. .. .. .. 185 
Greatest width from before back . . . . . . . . . . 112 
Greatest width of astragalar surface (in a straight line) . . . . 148 
Width of calcaneal facet . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 
The angle between the calcaneal facet and that for the astragalus is about 130°. 
This navicular differs in several respects from a specimen from Grays referred 
by Adams to E. antiquus (21642). In this the surface for the calcaneum makes 
a more obtuse angle with the astragalar surface, and is also larger, being borne on 
a backwardly directed tongue of bone scarcely indicated in our specimen. The 
astragalar surface is flatter, and the whole bone thinner (shorter from above down- 
wards) than in our specimen. Distally, except for the tongue-like prominence 
above referred to, the two are very similar. The Grays specimen measures 186 mm. 
from side to side, 130 mm. from before back at tongue, and is 47 mm. thick in the 
middle. 
The navicular of E. antiquus vecki is very similar to that of the Upnor 
specimen, but the astragalar facet is wider from side to side in proportion to its 
antero-posterior diameter. 
The Cuboid (PI. VIII, figs. 1 a, 2 a). — In outline the cuboid forms nearly an 
equilateral triangle ; it differs from the cuboids of E. maximus and E. africanus in 
having the posterior boss of bone projecting behind the articular surfaces much 
more developed. The form of the surfaces for the calcaneum and navicular are 
more as in E. maximus than as in E. africanus, in which the navicular surface is 
relatively much smaller. The calcaneal surface is rather more convex from side 
to side than in E. maximus ; in E. africanus this convexity is fairly well marked. 
In the Indian elephant the navicular and calcaneal facets are separated posteriorly 
for a short distance by a notch or pit ; traces of this occur in our fossil, and also 
apparently in E. antiquus recki, but it is wanting in the African elephant. 
